Volume I, Section 8
8 ARCHITECTURE
{A} For a description of the notations, see Acceleration
Regimes.
This section contains the following topics:
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overall
Architectural Considerations and Requirements
8.3 Crew Station Adjacencies
8.4 Compartment and
Crew Station Orientation
8.5 Location Coding
8.6 Envelope Geometry
for Crew Functions
8.7 Traffic Flow
8.8 Translation
Paths
8.9 Mobility Aids and
Restraints Architectural Integration
8.10 Hatches and Doors
8.11 Windows Integration
8.12 Interior Design and Decor
8.13 Lighting
See the video clips
associated with this section.
8.1
INTRODUCTION
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This section discusses the placement, arrangement, and grouping of
compartments and crew stations in space modules. The section also includes
design parameters for items which integrate the crew stations:
a. Traffic flow and translation paths.
b. Hatches and doors.
c. Location and orientation cues.
d. Mobility aids and restraints.
(Refer to Section 10.0 Activity Centers
and Section 9.0 Workstations for detailed
design and equipment requirements for each crew station.)
8.2
OVERALL ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
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8.2.1 Introduction
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This section defines considerations and requirements that apply to
the overall layout and arrangement of the space module.
8.2.2 Overall Architectural Design Considerations
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8.2.2.1 Microgravity Design - Considerations
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Many space modules will have a microgravity environment. The following
are general considerations that must be made when designing the overall
layout of the space module for microgravity:
a. Access - Microgravity allows greater access to places that would
otherwise not be possible in 1-G.
b. Restraints - Many of the activities in microgravity require that
the individual be restrained or tethered. Layout of crew stations must
consider the extra time for the crewmember to secure him or herself.
Activities which require restraints should be grouped as much as possible
within the same reach envelope.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.9, Mobility
Aids and Restraints Integration, for additional information on restraints
and to Paragraph 3.3.3.3.1, Functional
Reach Design Requirements for information on reach limits.)
c. Pre-Mission Training - Training and simulation done on Earth will
be conducted in 1-G. The design should be such that the transition from
Earth to space environment does not completely negate the effects of
this training.
8.2.2.2 Multipurpose Use of Volume Design Considerations
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It is often more efficient to design the workspace so that it can be
used for a number of different activities. It may be possible to use
a volume which is dedicated to a specific activity and which would otherwise
be wasted space when that activity is not being performed. Multipurpose
utilization of volume can increase the efficiency of the space module.
The activities should be compatible with the surrounding area and with
each other. Possible limitations for multipurpose utilization of a volume
include:
a. Hygiene and Contamination - One activity may contaminate another,
such as body waste management and food preparation.
b. Time - It may take too much time to efficiently convert the volume
from one function to another.
c. Privacy Infringement - An activity may infringe on the privacy of
a crewmember. This is the main objection to having two persons on different
work shifts sharing the same quarters.
8.2.2.3 Physical Dimensions of Crewmembers Design Considerations
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The space module must support mixed crews with different skills living
and working together in space for months at a time. The design goal
of a space module should be to provide a facility that, within some
understandably necessary size constraints, provides a comfortable and
functionally efficient environment. In order to achieve this goal, consideration
must be given to the physical dimensions of the human. The design must
accommodate from the smallest in size to the largest of the selected
design crewmember population. Section 3.0,
Anthropometrics and Biomechanics, and
Paragraph 8.6, Envelope Geometry For Crew Functions, provide data
for sizing the space module to accommodate all crewmembers.
8.2.2.4 Module Layout and Arrangement Design Considerations
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Equipment arrangement, grouping, and layout of the space module should
enhance crew interaction and facilitate efficient operation. The module
layout and arrangement should be based on detailed analyses using recognized
human factors engineering techniques. This analysis process should include
the following steps:
a. Functional Definition - Definition of the system functions that
must occur in the mission.
b. Functional Allocation - Assignment of these functions to equipment,
crewmembers, and crew stations.
c. Definition of Tasks and Operations - Determination of the characteristics
of the crew tasks and operations required to perform the functions,
including:
1. Frequency.
2. Duration.
3. Sequence.
4. Volume required.
5. Special environmental requirements.
6. Privacy and personal space requirements.
d. Space Module Layout - Using the information determined above, the
layout of the space module should:
1. Minimize the transit time between related crew stations.
2. Accommodate the expected levels of activity at each station.
3. Isolate stations when necessary for crew health, safety, performance,
and privacy.
4. Provide a safe, efficient, and comfortable work and living environment.
8.2.2.5 Crew Station Location
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Stations that perform related functions should be adjacent to each
other, if possible. Activities performed at a station should be compatible
with surrounding activities and facilities (i.e. non-interference in
terms of physical, visual, or acoustical considerations). Crew stations
should be separated or isolated if it improves the overall performance
and/or safety of the crewmembers.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.3, Crew Station
Adjacencies, for detailed requirements.)
8.2.2.6 Microgravity
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Appropriate mobility aids, restraints, and orientation cues should
be provided throughout the space module to accommodate living and working
when in a microgravity environment.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.4, Compartment
and Crew Station Orientation, and Paragraph
8.9, Mobility Aids and Restraints Integration, for detailed requirements.)
8.2.2.7 Reconfiguration
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The space module should have design features that minimize required
crew skill and time in the event of space module reconfiguration.
8.2.2.8 Decor and Lighting
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The design, decor, and lighting of the space module interior should
be configured to enhance the performance, safety, and comfort of the
crewmembers.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.11,
Windows Integration, Paragraph 8.12,
Interior Design and Decor, and Paragraph
8.13 Lighting, for detailed requirements.)
8.2.3 Overall Architectural Design Requirements
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The following requirements apply to the overall architecture of the
space module. Reference is made to paragraphs within this
Section 8.0, Architecture that expand and detail these requirements.
8.2.3.1 Crew Station Arrangement and Grouping Design Requirements
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Crew stations within the space module shall be arranged and grouped
to meet the following goals:
a. Activity Level Accommodation - Each crew station shall be sufficiently
large to accommodate the anticipated crew and their activity level.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.6, Envelope
Geometry For Crew Functions, for detailed requirements.)
b. Transit Time Optimization - Crew transit times shall be optimized.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.7, Traffic
Flow, for detailed requirements.)
c. Station Accessibility - Appropriate cues shall be provided for the
location and identification of crew stations. Translation paths and
crew station entry and exits shall be sized and located to accommodate
anticipated traffic patterns and volume.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.5, Location
Coding, Paragraph 8.8, Translation
Paths, and Paragraph 8.10, Hatches
and Doors, for detailed requirements.)
8.2.3.2 Dedicated
vs. Multipurpose Space Utilization Design Requirements
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The interior accommodations shall be designed so that multipurpose
utilization of the space meets the requirements:
a. Compatibility of activities within crew stations - Activities that
occur within the same station shall not interfere with each other. It
is best if the different activities occur at different times.
b. Compatibility with surrounding activities and facilities - Each
of the activities performed at a station shall be compatible with surrounding
activities and facilities.
8.3
CREW STATION ADJACENCIES
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8.3.1 Introduction
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This paragraph discusses the overall layout of the space module and
provides the rules and restrictions concerning the placement of crew
stations adjacent to one another. The design requirements for specific
crew stations are given in Section 10.0,
Activity Centers, and Section 9.0, Workstations.
8.3.2 Crew Station Adjacencies Design Considerations
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8.3.2.1 General Adjacency Design Considerations
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Design of any system or facility should be based on the logical sequence
and smooth flow of activities that are to occur in the facility. Generally,
the most efficient layout is to place crew stations adjacent to each
other when they are used sequentially or in close coordination. There
are some limitations to this general rule, however. Adjacent positions
should not degrade any of the activities in the stations, nor should
the positioning degrade any of the activities in the surrounding stations.
General adjacency considerations, beyond simple activity flow, are listed
and discussed below.
a. Physical Interference - Some crew stations require a high volume
of entering and exiting traffic (both personnel and equipment). Placement
of these stations adjacent to each other could result in traffic congestion
and loss of efficiency.
b. Noise - Activities such as communications, sleeping and rest, and
mental concentration are adversely affected by noise. Activity centers
generating significant noise levels should not be placed adjacent to
those activity centers adversely affected by noise.
(Refer to Paragraph 5.4,
Acoustics, for specific noise tolerance levels for various activities.)
c. Lighting - Ambient illumination from one activity center may either
interfere with or benefit the activities in an adjacent center. Activities
that require illumination will benefit from the Activities adversely
effected by light could be:
1. Certain experiments or lab activities such as photographic development.
2. Sleeping.
3. Use of some optical equipment (such as windows) and self illuminated
displays (such as CRT).
(Refer to Paragraph 8.13, Lighting,
for further information on lighting.)
d. Privacy - There are cultural and individual requirements that should
be considered. Certain personal activities such as sleeping, personal
hygiene, waste management, and personnel interactions require some degree
of privacy. These private areas should not be placed in passageways
or highly congested activity centers.
e. Security - Many of the experiments and production processes will
be confidential to a specific industry or organization. These activity
centers may require visual, audio, or electrical isolation from the
rest of the space module.
f. Vibration - Certain personal activities, such as relaxation and
sleep, will be disturbed by vibrations and jolts. In addition, many
production, experimental, and control functions will require a stable
and vibration-free platform. Crew stations of these types should be
isolated from sources of vibration.
(Refer to Paragraph 5.5,
Vibrations, for vibration exposure limits.)
g. Contamination - Crew station activities can generate contaminants.
These activities may include manufacture, maintenance, personal hygiene,
or laboratories. Other crew station activities may be extremely sensitive
to contamination. These activities include food storage and consumption,
laboratory research, some production processes, and health care. Contaminant
sources and areas highly sensitive to contamination should be physically
separated in the overall space module layout.
8.3.2.2 Specific
Adjacency Design Considerations
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Analyses have been performed on typical space module crew functions
to determine adjacency considerations for specific crew stations and
functions (Reference 319).
The functions considered in the analysis are listed in
Figure 8.3.2.2-1. The following criteria were used to evaluate adjacency
of the functions. Each of these criteria were given equal weighting:
Figure
8.3.2.2-1 Typical Functions of a Space Module Crew
Crew support
Meal preparation
Eating
Meal clean-up
Exercise
Medical care
Full-body cleansing
Hand/face cleansing
Personal hygiene
Urination/defecation
Training
Sleep
Private recreation and leisure
Small-group recreation and leisure
Dressing/undressing
Clothing maintenance
Station operations
Meetings and teleconferences
Planning and scheduling
Subsystem monitoring and control
Pre/post-EVA operations
IVA support of EVA operations
Proximity operations
General housekeeping
ORU maintenance and repair
Logistics and resupply
Mission operations
Payload support
Life sciences experiments
Materials processing experiments |
NASA-STD-3000 85
a. Transition Frequency - The frequency with which crewmembers switch
from performing one function to another.
b. Sequential Dependency - The extent to which one function provides
the reason, or need, to perform another function.
c. Support Equipment Commonality - The percentage of support equipment
shared by the functions.
d. Noise Output and Sensitivity - The potential for noise generated
by crew activities and support equipment associated with one function
to interfere with the performance of another function.
e. Privacy Requirements - The similarity of the privacy requirements
(both audio and visual).
The results of the study are shown in
Figure 8.3.2.2-2. Crew functions are plotted in the chart. The chart
describes the functions on two scales: Public Functions/Private Functions
and Group Functions/Individual Functions. The relative position of the
functions on the chart indicate the relative compatibility of these
functions. Consider grouping stations which support the functions that
are close together on the chart. Consider separating stations which
support the functions that are separated on the chart.
Figure
8.3.2.2-2 Consideration for the Relative Locations of Space Module
Functions Based on the Results of Functional Relationships Analysis.
Reference: 319, p. 60;
NASA-STD-3000 86
8.3.3 Crew Station Adjacencies
Design Requirements
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8.3.3.1 Adjacent Crew Station Design Requirements
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If possible (and within the restrictions of Paragraph
8.3.3.2, Non-Adjacent Crew Stations - Design Requirements), crew
stations shall be placed adjacent to each other (or combined) when any
of the following conditions exist:
a. Sequential Dependency - The activities occurring in one station
are sequentially dependent on the activities occurring in another station
(i.e., one activity provides the reason or need to perform the other
activity).
b. High Transition Frequency - Crewmembers change frequently from the
activities occurring in one station to the activities occurring in another
station.
c. Shared Support Equipment - The equipment used to support the activities
in each station is similar or identical.
8.3.3.2 Non-Adjacent
Crew Stations - Design Requirements
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Crew stations shall not be located adjacent to each other when any
of the following conditions exist:
a. Physical Interference - Crew traffic flow, equipment movement, and
activities of one station physically restrict the activities in another
station.
b. Environmental Interference - The activities in one station affect
the surrounding environment so that the activities in an adjacent station
are degraded. These environmental effects include lighting, noise, vibration,
heat.
c. Degradation of Crew Health and Safety - The activities or contents
of one station could, within a reasonable possibility, degrade the health
and safety of the crew in an adjacent station.
d. Infringement on Privacy - A station infringes on the privacy of
the crew members in an adjacent station to an extent unacceptable to
the crew members.
e. Infringement on Security - A station infringes on the security and
confidentiality of the activities of an adjacent station to an extent
unacceptable to the mission of the two functions.
8.4
COMPARTMENT AND CREW STATION ORIENTATION
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8.4.1 Introduction
{O}
This paragraph discusses the orientation of crew stations (workstations,
crew activity centers, etc.) within the space module. The information
in this section applies to a microgravity environment where there is
no gravity to define a single orientation. The design requirements for
specific crew stations are given in Section
10.0, Activity Centers, and Section 9.0,
Workstations.
8.4.2 Orientation Design Considerations
{O}
In a 1-G or partial gravity environment, orientation is not a particular
problem. Down is the direction in which gravity acts and the human is
normally required to work with feet down and head up. In a microgravity
environment, the human working position is arbitrary. There is no gravity
cue that defines up or down. In microgravity, orientation is defined
primarily through visual cues which are under the control of the system
designer. The orientation within a particular crew station is referred
to as a local vertical. There are several orientation factors to be
considered when designing a microgravity environment.
a. Work Surfaces - Microgravity expands the number of possible work
surfaces (walls, ceilings, as well as floors) within a given volume.
This could result in a number of different local verticals within a
module.
b. Training and Testing - Some of the working arrangements that are
possible in microgravity will not easily be duplicated on Earth. Pre-mission
training and testing will suffer with these arrangements. Additional
training might have to be conducted during the actual mission. This
could drastically reduce the effectiveness of a short duration mission.
c. Disorientation - Humans, raised in a 1-G environment, are accustomed
to forming a mental image of their environment with a consistent orientation.
People locate themselves and objects according to this mental image.
If the person is viewing the environment in an unusual orientation,
this mental image is not supported. This can promote disorientation,
space sickness, temporary loss of direction, and overall decreased performance.
(Refer to Paragraph
4.5, Vestibular System, for more information on disorientation in
zero-gravity.)
d. Visual Orientation Cues - Visual cues are needed to help the crewmember
quickly adjust his or her orientation for a more familiar view of the
world. These visual cues should define some sort of horizontal or vertical
reference plane (such as the edges of a CRT or window). Of the two,
it appears that the horizontal cue is more effective. Further research
is presently being conducted by NASA to determine additional guidelines
for the design of visual orientation cues.
e. Equipment Operation - Due to prior training and physical characteristics
of the human, some pieces of equipment are more efficiently operated
in one specific orientation. Labeling must also be properly oriented
to be readable. Direction of motion stereotypes exist for most controls.
For instance, in the US, power is turned on when a switch is positioned
up or toward the head. If equipment items, labels, and controls have
different orientations within the same crew station, human errors are
likely to occur.
8.4.3 Orientation Design Requirements
{O}
The following are design requirements for establishing an orientation
within a space module:
a. Consistent Orientation - Each crew station shall have a local vertical
(a consistent arrangement of vertical cues within a given visual field)
so that the vertical orientation within a specific work station or activity
center shall remain consistent. (See Figure
8.4.3-1 for illustration.)
b. Visual Orientation Cue - A visual cue shall be provided to allow
the crewmember to quickly adjust to the orientation of the activity
center or workstation.
c. Separation - When adjacent workstations or activity centers have
vertical orientations differing by 90 degrees or more, then clearly
definable demarcations shall separate the two areas.
8.4.4 Example Orientation Design Solutions
{O}
One of the modules of Skylab, the Orbital Work Station (OWS), had a
consistent local vertical and another module, the Multiple Docking Adapter
(MDA), did not. It was found that people adapted more quickly to the
orientation of the OWS than they did to the MDA. It also took crewmembers
longer to locate a particular storage container in the MDA than the
OWS.
Figure 8.4.3-1
Equipment Shall Have a Consistent Orientation Within a Workstation or
Activity Center
Reference: 1, Figure
3.2-2, p. 3.2-1; NASA-STD-3000 87
8.5
LOCATION CODING
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8.5.1 Introduction
{A}
This section discusses the standards for defining locations throughout
a space module and or vehicle. The location coding system shall apply
to all crew interface areas including:
a. Control and display panels.
b. Stowage areas, lockers, subcompartments, and containers.
c. Access panels.
d. Systems, components, and equipment.
(Refer to Paragraph 9.5,
Labeling and Coding, for specific labeling and coding design requirements
and considerations.)
(Refer to Paragraph 8.4, Compartment
and Crew Station Orientation, for requirements defining orientation
in micro- gravity.)
8.5.2 Location Coding Design Considerations
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8.5.2.1 Users of A Location Coding System Design Considerations
{A }
Many different people will use the space module location coding system
(both crewmember and non-crewmember personnel) and the system will be
used in a wide variety of situations (both emergency and routine). It
is therefore important that the system be simple to use, easy to remember,
easy to communicate, and consistent throughout the system. The following
is a list of the personnel who might use a space module location coding
system and ways in which it might be used:
a. Space Module Crew - Locations codes are necessary to minimize crew
search time and maintain consistent equipment placement during nonuse
periods. This is especially important for single equipment items requiring
rapid use by more than one crewmember.
b. Ground Support Personnel - A location coding system will be used
to communicate information and instructions between ground and module
crews.
c. Crews of Other Modules - Location codes will be necessary for docking
or any coordinated activity between modules.
d. Maintenance and Emergency Personnel - Repairs and rescue operations
require an accurate and easily communicated location coding system.
e. Logistics and Resupply Personnel - Location codes are required for
inventory assessment and resupply plan development and communication.
8.5.2.2 Location Coding System Implementation-Design Considerations
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In order to be effective, it is important that a consistent coding
system be established early in the space module development. The system
must be incorporated into the design of space module compartments, components,
control consoles, racks, and all general installations. This coding
system must then be used throughout all phases of crew training and
system documentation.
8.5.3 Location Coding Design Requirements
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8.5.3.1 Alphanumeric Coding Design Requirements
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An alphanumeric coding system shall be established for the space module.
The system shall have the following characteristics:
a. Ease of Use - The coding system shall be simple to use, communicate,
and memorize.
b. Module Consistency - The coding system shall be consistent throughout
the space module and attached components. The system shall be consistent
for both interior and exterior locations.
c. User Consistency - The coding system shall be consistent for all
personnel who use and maintain the module. The system shall be compatible
with (if not identical to) design engineering location systems.
d. Flexibility - The coding system shall be flexible to allow adaptation
to space module design changes and reconfiguration.
8.5.3.2 Directional Designation Design Requirements
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Whenever possible, a consistent directional orientation shall be established
for the entire space module. The following directional designation terms
shall apply to space modules:
a. Forward/Aft - Forward shall be defined by the plus velocity vector
of the space module. If there is no designated velocity vector, then
forward shall be arbitrarily defined.
b. Up/Down - An up/down directional designation shall be established
perpendicular to the forward/aft and port/starboard plane.
c. Port/Starboard- When facing in the forward direction, port shall
be defined as the direction to the left and starboard shall be defined
as the direction to the right.
8.5.3.3 Location & Orientation By Color Coding Design Requirements
{A}
The following requirements apply to the use of color for location and
orientation coding:
a. Colors - The colors selected for coding shall be consistent with
the requirements in Paragraph 9.5.3.2.i,
Color Coding.
b. Consistency - If color is used for location coding purposes, the
colors shall have the same operational significance throughout the space
module and shall be consistent in application.
c. Space Module Lighting - Exterior lighting for orientation coding
of space module shall be in accordance with the following practices:
1. Color code - The colors shall follow the code in
Figure 8.5.3.3-1
2. Lamp intensity - Minimum lamp intensity is cited in Figure
8.5.3.3-1. These intensities are to be measured 60 degrees off the
center line of the cone of radiation.
3. Chromaticity - The chromaticity of space module lights shall be
as defined in Figure 8.5.3.3-1 and
MIL-C-25050.
Figure
8.5.3.3-1 Spacecraft Orientation Coding Lights
| COLOR |
VEHICLE LOCATION |
LUMINOUS INTENSITY CANDELA
(CANDLE POWER) |
CHROMATICITY (CIE CHROMATICITY
DIAGRAM COORDINATES) |
Red |
Port (left) side |
2.5(0.2) |
X - 0.690 ± 0.020
Y - 0.290 ± 0.020 |
|
Green |
Starboard (right) side |
6.3 (0.5) |
X - 0.100 ± 0.050
Y - 0.700 ± 0.060 |
|
Yellow |
Bottom |
2.5(0.2) |
X - 0.580 ± 0.020
Y - 0.410 ± 0.015 |
|
White |
Aft (preferred) |
2.5(0.2) |
X - 0.350 ± 0.050
Y - 0.365 ± 0.030 |
|
Blue |
Aft (not preferred) |
6.3(0.5) |
X - not greater than 0.245
Y - not greater than 0.200 |
|
Dual white/ Yellow |
Forward |
See above |
See above |
| Note: *Assumes color recognition up to 600 meters
(2000 ft) |
Reference: 199, pgs.
17, 18, 19 NASA-STD-3000 88, Rev. B
8.5.3.4 Location Coding With Placards Design Requirements
{A}
A space module shall have markings to provide the crew with equipment
and compartment identification, and directional and spatial orientation
information. The specific requirements for location coding placards
are as follows:
a. Map - A map of location codes shall be provided at the entrances
to areas where the coding scheme is not obvious to the crewmember or
for areas in which there is a significant amount of preparation activity
such as stowage, adjustment, or maintenance of items.
b. Placards on Movable Items - Movable items and their stowage locations
shall be labeled as necessary to ensure the item is returned to the
proper location after use.
c. Control Room Placards - Control rooms shall have placards which
identify the room and the control station within the room.
d. Directional Designation - A visual cue shall be provided to allow
the crewmember to quickly adjust to the orientation of the crew station.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.4, Compartment
and Crew Station Orientation, for additional information concerning
orientation requirements.)
e. Markings - Label and placard format and markings shall meet the
requirements in Paragraph
9.5, Labeling and Coding.
8.6
ENVELOPE GEOMETRY FOR CREW FUNCTIONS
{A}
8.6.1 Introduction
{A}
This section provides information for sizing the space module for human
work and habitation. Physical body envelopes for various crew functions
are given. The information in this section can be used to develop a
preliminary overall layout of the space module.
(Refer to Section 9.0, Workstations, and
Section 10.0, Activity Centers, for detail
design requirements and consideration for specific crew stations.)
(Refer to Section 3.0, Anthropometrics
and Biomechanics, for additional information on human size and work
envelope.)
8.6.2 Envelope Geometry
Design Considerations
{A}
There are four basic factors that affect the required habitable volume
and envelope geometry in a space module. These factors are listed below:
a. Mission duration.
b. Visual factors.
c. Physical body envelope.
d. Social factors.
Each of these factors are discussed in Paragraphs
8.6.2.1 through 8.6.2.4.
8.6.2.1 Mission Duration
Design Considerations
{A}
The duration of the mission has an overall effect on the required envelope
geometry. Increasing mission duration requires a greater physical envelope
to accommodate mission tasks and personal needs. Crew accommodation
needs are additive, so the total required habitable volume per crewmember
increases with mission duration. Guidelines for determining the amount
of habitable volume per crewmember for varying mission durations are
shown in Figure 8.6.2.1-1.
Figure
8.6.2.1-1 Guideline for Determination of Total Habitable Volume
per Person in the Space Module
NASA-STD-3000 90
8.6.2.2 Visual Design Considerations
{A}
As the mission duration increases, there is a greater tendency for
the crew to feel confined and cramped. This can affect psychological
health and crewmember performance. The judged physical space is not
necessarily relative to the physical size of the room. The feeling of
spaciousness can be achieved visually through the arrangement, color,
and design of the walls and partitions of the space module. Some of
the facts that are known about visual spaciousness are listed below:
a. Distance From Viewer - Errors of overestimation of space increase
as the distance from the viewer increases. This indicates desirability
of long view axes.
b. Room Shape - Irregular shaped rooms are perceived to have more volume
than compact or regular shaped rooms of equal volume.
c. Viewing Along a Surface - Distances judged along surfaces are overestimated
with respect to those judged through empty space. If an observer looks
along a wall to another boundary wall, the boundary wall would be judged
as further away than if it is seen from the same physical distance across
the empty space of the room.
d. Lighting and Color - The effects of brightness, color saturation,
and illumination levels on perception of volume are listed in
Figure 8.6.2.2-1.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.12.2, Interior Design
and Decor Design Considerations, for details of the effects of lighting
and color.)
e. Clutter - Clutter, or items that visually detract from long view
axes, decrease the perceived room volume.
f. Windows - Windows allow the crewmember to focus on objects (such
as Earth) outside the space module. This can significantly increase
the sense of spaciousness and psychological well-being of the crewmember.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.11,
Windows Integration, for additional information on the use of windows
in architecture.)
Figure
8.6.2.2-1 Effects of Brightness, Color, Color Saturation, and Illumination
Level on Perception of Volume
| Volume perception (roominess) |
Brightness* |
Color saturation |
Illumination level |
|
Enlarge |
Areas will be enlarged by lightness. (Use to alleviate feelings
of oppression or "closed-in"). |
Pale or desaturated colors "recede" and open up
a room |
High |
|
Close-in |
Areas will be closed-in by darkness |
Dark or saturated hues "protrude", and close-in
a room |
Low |
| Note: * Brightness is a function of surface
reflectance and illuminance |
Reference: 134, Figure
4-35 With Updates NASA-STD-3000 91
8.6.2.3 Body Envelope
Design Considerations
{A}
The interior volume of the space module must accommodate not only the
static human body but also the body when it performs the activities
required of the mission. The body motion envelope is a conceptual surface
which just encloses the extreme body motion of an activity. Crewmembers
vary in size and the body motion envelope varies accordingly. The space
module should not intrude on the body motion envelope of the larger
crewmembers and yet not be so large that it is inconvenient or inefficient
for the smaller crewmembers. In microgravity, additional considerations
must be made for an expanded range of possible movements and for the
neutral body posture. Approximate dimensions required to accommodate
the body motion envelope of the 95th percentile male crewmember performing
various IVA activities in microgravity are given in
Figure 8.6.2.3-1. These volumes can be arranged and grouped to give
an approximate estimate of the interior volume required for different
crew stations.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.2.1, Anthropometric
Database Design Considerations, for a definition of the American male
crewmember.)
(Refer to Section 3.0, Anthropometrics
and Biomechanics, for further information on the body dimensions and
the neutral body posture.)
Figure
8.6.2.3-1 Approximate Dimension Required to Accommodate the Body
Motion Envelope of the 95th Percentile American Male
(Refer to Figure 3.3.3.3.1-4)
Reference: 215, pp. 38,
39; 310; 320
With Updates; NASA-STD-3000 92
Figure 8.6.2.3-1 Approximate Dimension Required to Accommodate the
Body Motion Envelope of the 95th Percentile American Male
(Part 2)
Reference: 215, pp. 38,
39; 310; 320
With Updates; NASA-STD-3000 92
8.6.2.4 Social Design
Considerations
{A}
Some of the social factors that should be considered in the layout
of the interior volume of the space module are discussed below:
a. Privacy - Visual privacy is a major concern for some activities
such as body waste management and personal hygiene. Volumes devoted
to these functions must be visually isolated. In addition, it has been
found that a general sense of privacy increases when visual exposure
of the individual is decreased and the individual has controllable visual
access to the outside world. In other words, the individual feels private
if he or she has the ability of observing without being observed. This
should be considered when designing individual crew quarters.
b. Leadership Role - The size and location of a crewmember's private
quarters can impart a sense of status to other crewmembers. If desirable
for organizational purposes, this fact can be used in configuring the
space module.
c. Proxemics - Proxemics encompasses the study of space as a communications
medium. Some factors to consider are:
1. When conversational or recreational space is necessary, the space
should be configured so that the crewmembers can be at distances of
0.5 to 1.2 meters (1.5 to 4.0 feet) and at angles of approximately 90
to 180 degrees from each other. In general, 90 degrees is preferred
for casual conversation while 180 degrees is for competitive games or
negotiations.
2. Equal relative heights among social conversant should be maintained
through spatial configuration and the placement of restraints.
3. In a socially communicating group it should be possible for all
to position themselves in relatively similar body orientation and limb
location. Maintaining a similar vertical orientation is also desirable.
8.6.3 Envelope Geometry
Design Requirements
{A}
8.6.3.1 Crew Station
Body Envelopes Design Requirements
{A}
The following are requirements for crew station body envelope geometry:
a. Adequate Volume - Adequate crew station volume shall be provided
for the crewmembers to perform tasks and activities (including exit
and entry) without restriction. The volume shall also accommodate tools
and equipment used in the task.
b. Accessibility - The geometric arrangement of crew stations shall
provide necessary and adequate ingress and egress envelopes for all
functions within the station.
c. Full Size Range Accommodation - All workstations shall be sized
to meet the functional reach limits of the smaller of the defined crewmember
size range and yet shall not constrict or confine the body envelope
of the larger of the defined crewmember size range.
8.6.3.2 Total Module
Habitable Volume Design Requirements
{A}
The following requirements apply to the total habitable volume in the
module:
Mission Function Accommodation - Sufficient total habitable volume
shall be provided to accommodate the full range of required mission
functions.
No Degradation to Mission - Sufficient habitable volume shall be provided
and configured to decrease the possibility of degradation of crew performance
due to detrimental psychological effects from feelings of confinement.
Design shall permit total habitable volume growth to accommodate the
full range of required mission functions as number of crewmembers and
station operations increase.
8.6.4 Example Volume Allocations
Design Solutions
{O}
8.6.4.1 Skylab Food
Management Compartment
{O}
The Skylab Food Management Compartment for a crew of three was combined
with a wardroom (see Figure 8.6.4.1-1).
The area measured 2.29 m (7.5 ft) long by 2.44 m (8 ft) wide by 1.98
m (6.5 ft) high. Total combined habitable volume was 11.1 m3
(391 ft3). This compartment was used by three crewmembers
for a mission of 84 days.
Access to the dining position for the crewman next to the freezer was
judged not adequate when the other positions were occupied. The crewman
in the inboard dining position could not reach the food storage area
without disturbing the other diners.
Figure
8.6.4.1-1 Skylab Food Management Compartment
Reference: 130, figure
7, p. 11; NASA-STD-3000 93
8.6.4.2 Skylab Sleep
Compartment
{O}
The Skylab sleep compartment (Figure 8.6.4.2-1)
for one crew member was 0.92 m (3 ft) long by 1.07 m (3.5 ft) wide by
1.98 m (6.5 ft) high. The total habitable volume was approximately 1.92
m3 (68 ft3).
Reference: 155, p. 3-4;
NASA-STD-3000 94
8.6.4.3 Skylab Waste
Management and Personal Hygiene Compartments
{O}
The Skylab combined both the waste management and hygiene functions
in a single compartment. The dimensions were 1.98 m (6.5 ft) long by
0.92 m (3.0 ft) wide by 1.98 m (6.5 ft) high. The total combined free
volume was 3.57 m3 (126 ft3). The total habitable
volume utilized by the hygiene function was approximately 2.42 m3
(85 ft3). The total habitable volume utilized by the waste
management function was approximately 2.42 m3 (85 ft3).
This compartment was satisfactory for three crewmembers for 85 days,
but interference between crewmen doing both functions simultaneously
led to their suggesting separate compartments.
8.7
TRAFFIC FLOW
{A}
8.7.1 Introduction
{A}
This section contains information for planning and designing the traffic
flow within the space module.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.8, Translation
Paths, Paragraph 8.9, Mobility Aids
and Restraints Architectural Integration, and
Paragraph 8.10, Hatches and Doors, for specific data on the design
and location of IVA translation paths, mobility aids and restraints,
and hatches and doors.)
(Refer to Paragraph 14.5,
EVA Mobility and Translation, for information on EVA traffic flow.)
8.7.2 Traffic Flow Design
Considerations
{A}
8.7.2.1 Optimization
of Traffic Flow Design Considerations
{A)
The following analytical process can help to optimize traffic flow
and crew functioning:
a. Analyze Functions and Tasks - Determine the type and level of activity
that occur at each of the crew stations and the required movement of
crew and equipment between the stations.
b. Locate Crew Stations - Locate crew stations to minimize the traffic
flow.
c. Design Translation Paths - Once the crew stations are located, design
the translation paths for efficient traffic flow. First, design the
paths to accommodate the traffic flow requirements of the worst case
conditions. Then, complete the design to meet other traffic flow requirements.
The following are steps for translation path design:
1. Define traffic flow details: number of persons, number of transits,
type of packages, speed of transit, type of activity surrounding the
path, etc. Be sure to identify worst case traffic flow conditions.
2. Use the above information and Figure
8.7.2.1-1 to determine the required translation path.
3. Use the information in Paragraph 8.8.3, Translation
Path Design Requirements, to determine the minimum path size.
4. Accommodate possible congestion at intersections through scheduling,
increase of path size, provision for visibility of crossing traffic,
etc.
Figure
8.7.2.1-1 Guide for Determining Type of Translation Path
| Priorities of Functions |
Usage |
Type of translation path
(refer to Paragraph 8.8) |
|
Primary - - IVA and EVA |
Frequently traveled path by both IVA and EVA suited
crewmembers. Will accommodate translation of an EVA crewmember
with package. Can be used as an emergency path |
Primary passageway |
|
Primary -- IVA only |
Frequently traveled path but only by IVA suited
crewmembers. Will accommodate translation of an IVA crewmember
with package. Can be used as an emergency IVA path |
Standard passageway. |
|
Secondary - - IVA only |
Very low frequency transit from one point to another,
IVA only |
Pass-through |
|
Emergency |
Infrequently traveled but necessary for emergency
repairs, rescue, or escape. Will accommodate EVA suited crewmember.
Packages must be translated in front or behind crewmember. |
Minimal passageway |
Reference: 250 With
Updates NASA-STD-3000 178
8.7.2.2 IVA Translation
Rates Design Considerations
{O}
IVA translation rates in microgravity were measured in Skylab and are
listed below:
a. Ordinary Point To Point Translation - 0.4 to 0.6 m/sec (1.5 to 2.0
ft/sec).
b. Moving Large or Massive Equipment - 0.15 to 0.30 m/sec (0.5 to 1.0
ft/sec).
c. Off-Duty Gymnastics and Play - 1.8 m/sec (6 ft/sec).
(Refer to Paragraph 4.9.2, Strength
- Design Considerations, for additional information on translation rates
and force capabilities.)
8.7.2.3 Equipment
Transfer Design Considerations
{O}
Crewmembers may be required to handle and transfer equipment and packages.
The following factors must be considered in designing for equipment
and package transfer in microgravity conditions:
a. Task Constraints - The planning of equipment transfer traffic routes
must take into account task constraints such as time, safety requirements
(protection of both crew and equipment), required positioning accuracy,
other traffic, and gravity conditions.
b. Translation Path and Equipment Size - A translation path approximately
the size of the equipment being transported will degrade both visibility
and use of hands and feet for translation mobility and stability (see
Figure 8.7.2.3-1). Equipment transfer
is more efficient in a larger aisle that allows parallel passage of
both the crewmember and the package.
c. Mobility Aids and Package Handles - If handrails must be used for
mobility, then package handles or straps must be provided to free the
crewmember's hands.
d. Equipment Mass - Although there are no theoretical limits on the
mass of cargo that can be transported in microgravity, a large mass
may require a track or restraints along the translation path to keep
it under control.
(Refer to Paragraph 11.12,
Packaging, for additional information on equipment configuration for
transport.)
(Refer to Paragraph 4.9,
Strength, for information on mass handling capabilities.)
8.7.3 Traffic Flow Design
Requirements
{A}
8.7.3.1 Overall Traffic
Flow Design Requirements
{A}
All traffic routes shall allow movement of personnel and equipment
within the time constraints of both normal operational and emergency
conditions.
8.7.3.2 Congestion
Avoidance Design Requirements
{A}
Traffic congestion shall be avoided. The following methods shall be
taken to avoid congestion:
a. Reduce the Need for Traffic - Crew stations shall be located and
designed to minimize the need for transit within the space module.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.3, Crew Station
Adjacencies, and Paragraph
10.12, Storage, for additional information on reducing the need
for traffic.)
b. Alternate Paths - Provide alternate paths around congested areas.
c. Proper Scheduling - Schedule activities to avoid congestion.
d. Reduce Congestion Due to Large Volume Transfer - Traffic flow patterns
shall minimize the distance large volumes are transported and reduce
as much as possible congestion caused by large volumes transported through
tight areas.
e. Reduce Cross Traffic - Avoid crossing heavily traveled paths.
f. Translation Path Size - Translation paths and hatch and door openings
shall be of proper size and configuration to accommodate predicted traffic
flow.
Figure
8.7.2.3-1 Relationship of Aisle Size to Ease of Equipment Transport
(Microgravity Conditions)
NASA-STD-3000 179
8.7.3.3 Noninterference with Other Activities Design Requirements
{A}
Traffic flow shall not interfere with other unrelated operational and
recreational activities of the crew. These activities include sensitive
space module control, routine servicing, experimentation, eating, sleep,
and relaxation.
8.7.3.4 Emergency and Escape Route Design Requirements
{A}
The design for traffic flow shall take into account the possibility
of a space module or subsystem failure or damage that could require
evacuation. Specifically, the following requirements apply:
a. Escape Routes and Isolation Areas - Crewmembers shall be provided
with escape routes for egress and/or isolation in the event of the need
for an emergency egress from their immediate location.
b. Dual Escape Routes - Where practical, dual escape routes shall be
provided from all activity areas to serve in the event that the use
of one route is impossible.
c. Protection of Entry/Exit Path - Provisions shall be made to the
maximum extent possible to ensure that compartment entry/exit paths
can be maintained in the event of an accident (fire, explosion, abrupt
accelerations, etc.).
d. Escape From Crew Stations - Crew station openings and egress paths
shall be large enough to permit rapid egress.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.6.2.3, Body Envelope
Design Considerations, and Section 3.0,
Anthropometrics, for body dimension data.)
(Refer to Paragraph 8.8.3, Translation Path Design
Requirements, and Paragraph 8.10.3, Hatch and
Door Design Requirements, for data to size translation paths.)
e. Emergency Rescue and Return Route - An emergency rescue and return
route shall be available for all planned IVA activity areas. The route
shall be capable of accommodating an EVA-suited individual.
(Refer to Paragraph 14.5.3.5,
EVA Passageway Requirements, for EVA route size.)
f. Dead End Corridors - Dead End Corridors shall be avoided whenever
possible.
g. Emergency Regulation and Routes - Emergency traffic regulations
and appropriately marked emergency routes shall be established for safe
and efficient movement of personnel and equipment.
8.8
TRANSLATION PATHS
{A}
8.8.1 Introduction
{O}
This paragraph contains information for the design of crew translation
paths that interconnect interior space module compartments. This information
applies to IVA environment and to microgravity conditions.
(Refer to Paragraph 14.5,
EVA Mobility and Translation, for information on EVA translation paths.)
(Refer to Paragraph 8.7, Traffic
Flow, Paragraph 8.9, Mobility Aids
and Restraints Architectural Integration, and
Paragraph 8.10, Hatches and Doors, for specific data on the design
and location of IVA translation paths, mobility aids and restraints,
and hatches and doors.)
8.8.2 Translation Path
Design Considerations
{O}
The following factors must be considered when designing translation
paths in a space module:
a. Type of Translation Path - The required size and shape of the translation
path depend on its function. Functional guidelines for selection of
the type of translation path are provided in
Paragraph 8.7, Traffic-flow, Figure
8.7.2.1-1. Design considerations for each type of translation path
are given below:
1. Pass Through - A pass-through (or tunnel) need only be large enough
to permit passage by a crewmember with his or her long axis in the direction
of travel. A pass-through is illustrated in
Figure 8.8.2-1. By definition, the pass-through need only accommodate
an IVA clothed crewmember.
2. Minimal Passageway - A minimal passageway is similar to a pass-through
but must accommodate an EVA suited crewmember.
3. Standard Passageway - A standard passageway should accommodate a
crewmember in an upright working position or neutral body posture. A
standard passageway is illustrated in Figure
8.8.2-1. By definition, the standard passageway need only accommodate
an IVA clothed crewmember.
(Refer to Paragraph
3.3.4, Neutral Body Posture, and Paragraph 8.6.2.3,
Body Envelope Design Considerations, for neutral body posture size and
configuration.)
4. Primary Passageway - A primary passageway is the same as a standard
passageway but must accommodate an EVA suited crewmember.
b. Aisle Clearances - Aisles are defined as translation paths that
pass crew stations (as shown in Figure 8.8.2-2).
In this case the translation path must be located outside the maximum
working envelope of the crew station.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.6, Envelope
Geometry For Crew Functions, for additional information on crew station
envelopes.)
c. Translation of Packages and Equipment - The translation path should
be sized to accommodate the largest crewmember and any packages or equipment
that must be transported. Both the package size, the manner that the
package is to be carried, and acceptable clearances must be considered.
See in Figure 8.8.2-3 for illustration.
d. Number of Persons Using Translation Path - The translation path
must be sized according to the traffic considerations. Persons often
travel in pairs. A busy path may have to be wide enough for four crewmembers:
two pairs passing each other.
e. Orientation of the Body - Turning or rotation required to position
the body to translate from one path to another path, module, or door
requires an increase in the minimum path size. The minimum dimensions
of the path will be defined by the body orientation and method of negotiating
the path.
Reference: 250; NASA-STD-3000
210
Figure 8.8.2-2
Aisles: The Translation Path Envelopes Should Not Conflict With The
Maximum Crew Station Working Envelopes
Reference: 250; NASA-STD-3000
211
Figure 8.8.2-3
Size and Shape of the Translation Path Depends on Package, Manner in
Which it is Carried, and Required Clearances
Reference: 250; NASA-STD-3000
212
8.8.3 Translation Path
Design Requirements
{A}
8.8.3.1 Minimum Translation
Path Dimensions Design Requirements
{O}
Minimum cross sectional dimensions of microgravity translation paths
for one crewmember in light clothing are shown in
Figure 8.8.3.1-1. Translation paths that must accommodate more than
one crewmember shall be enlarged by multiples of the single person dimensions.
8.8.3.2 Clearances
Design Requirements
{O}
In addition to the minimum dimensions given in
Paragraph 8.8.3.1, translation paths shall be designed to provide
the following clearances:
a. Equipment or Package Clearances - Translation paths through which
equipment or packages must be transported shall allow sufficient clearances
for the safety of both the equipment and the space module.
b. Orientation and Directional Change Clearances - Additional clearance
volume shall be provided as required for the crewmember to make changes
in orientation and/or direction of travel. Refer to the third section
of Figure 8.6.2.3-1.
8.8.3.3 Translation
Path Obstructions and Hazards Design Requirements
{A}
The following translation path obstructions and hazards shall be minimized:
a. Injury or Damage From Translation Path Surface - Provide rounded
corners, padding, smooth surfaces, and/or eliminate projections to minimize
possibility of injury to the crewmember or damage to transferred equipment
or space module during translation.
(Refer to Paragraph
6.3, Mechanical Hazards, for details on elimination of these hazards.)
b. Damage to Nearby Equipment - Equipment located near traffic paths
may be used as a grasp surface or a surface from which crewmembers propel
themselves. It shall therefore be designed to withstand a crew-imposed
design load of 556 N (125 lbf) and an ultimate load of at least 778
N (175 lbf).
c. Collisions at Intersections - Intersecting translation paths with
heavy traffic flow shall incorporate means to minimize collisions. These
means can include mirrors at cross paths, windows in doors, warning
lights, or auditory warnings.
d. Obstructions and Entanglements - The translation path and surrounding
areas shall be designed to minimize the possibility of entanglement
of translating crewmembers or equipment with loose objects such as restraints,
cables, hoses, wires, etc.
Figure
8.8.3.1-1 Minimum Translation Path Dimensions for Microgravity,
One Crew Member in Light Clothing
NASA-STD-3000 213
8.8.3.4 Marking of
Translation Paths - Design Requirements
{A}
Emergency translation paths shall be marked in accordance with MIL-A-25165B.
8.9
MOBILITY AIDS AND RESTRAINTS ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION
{O}
8.9.1 Introduction
{O}
This section discusses considerations and requirements for locating
mobility aids and restraints within the space module architecture. The
information applies to microgravity conditions only.
(Refer to Paragraph 9.2.4.2.3,
Workstation Restraints and Mobility Aid Design Requirements, for additional
information on the placement of restraints in workstations.)
(Refer to Paragraph
14.4, EVA Workstations and Restraints, and
Paragraph 14.5, EVA Mobility and Translation, for information on
the use of restraints and mobility aids in the EVA environment.)
(Refer to Paragraph 11.7,
Restraints, and Paragraph
11.8, Mobility Aids, for information on the specific design considerations
and requirements for restraint and mobility aid hardware design.)
8.9.2 Mobility Aids &
Restraints Integration Design Considerations
{O}
8.9.2.1 Location
of IVA Mobility Aids Design Considerations
{O}
The following considerations should be observed when locating IVA mobility
aids:
a. Method of Use - Previous experience has shown that mobility aids
such as hand rails are not used for hand over hand translation. Mobility
aids are used primarily for control of body orientation, speed, and
stability. After humans gain confidence in free-flight translation,
contact with planned fixed mobility aids is primarily at free-flight
terminal points or while changing direction. Padding or kick surfaces
should be considered at these points.
b. Package Transport and Mobility Aid Use - Consider the packages that
the crewmembers might be carrying. One or two hands may be required
to negotiate and guide the package.
c. EVA Use in Emergency - IVA mobility aids may have to be used by
space suited crewmembers under emergency conditions. The location should,
therefore, account for bulky garments that reduce joint movement and
clearance.
(Refer to Paragraph 14.5,
EVA Mobility Aids and Translation, for additional information.)
d. Substitute Mobility Aids - Walls, ceilings, or any handy equipment
item may be used as a mobility aid. Surfaces and equipment along translation
paths should, therefore, be designed to accommodate this function.
8.9.2.2 Considerations
for Location of IVA Personnel Restraints
{O}
The following considerations should be observed when locating IVA personnel
restraints:
a. Operator Stability - Locate restraints where it is critical that
a workstation operator remain stable for task performance (i.e., view
through an eyepiece, operation of a keyboard, repair a circuit, etc.).
b. Counteracting Forces - Locate restraints where task performance
causes the body to move in reaction to the forces being exerted. For
instance, a crewmember using a wrench should be restrained from rotating
in an opposite direction to the applied torque.
c. Two Hand Task Performance - Some simple tasks can be easily performed
with one hand while using the other hand for stability. More complex
tasks, however, require coordination of both hands and somebody or foot
restraint system may be required.
d. Restriction of Drift Into Undesirable Area - Not all restraints
are necessary for keeping a crewmember at a station. Sometimes a restraint
is necessary to keep the crewmember from drifting into another area.
A relaxing or sleeping crewmember, for instance, should be restrained
from drifting into a traffic, work, or hazardous area.
e. Location According to Crewmember Size - The restraint should properly
position a crewmember at a station. The proper position is dependent
on the crewmember size. The restraint should be located so that the
smallest and the largest of the defined crewmember population range
can perform the task. Restraint adjustment or multiple positions may
be necessary.
f. Noninterference - The restraint should not interfere with other
tasks. It may be necessary to use a portable restraint and remove it
when a station is used for another purpose.
g. Typical Areas Requiring Restraints - Based on the above information,
restraints should be considered for the following locations within the
space module:
1. Body waste management facility.
2. Exercise area.
3. Sleeping area.
4. Clothes changing locations.
5. Trash handling locations.
6. Airlock.
7. Space suit don/doff area.
8. Housekeeping and cleanup centers.
9. Maintenance areas.
10. Galley and eating areas.
11. Workstations.
12. Space medical facility.
8.9.3 Mobility Aids and
Restraints Design Requirements
{O}
8.9.3.1 IVA Mobility
Aid Integration Design Requirements
{O}
The following are requirements for integration of fixed IVA mobility
aids into the space module architecture:
a. Translation Path Locations - Mobility aids shall be located along
translation paths as necessary for crewmembers to initiate translation
movement, terminate translation movement, or change direction or speed.
b. Orientation Requirements - The orientation and location of mobility
aids shall be such that approximate body positions normally assumed
to perform a task can be attained upon reaching the crew station.
c. Noninterference - Mobility aids shall be located so as not to restrict
or interfere with traffic flow or operations at crew stations.
d. Contingency Space Suited Operations - IVA mobility aids shall be
sized and located as necessary for contingency space suited operations
(i.e., EVA rescue or recovery).
8.9.3.2 IVA Restraint
Integration Design Requirements
{O}
The following are requirements for integration of fixed IVA restraints
into the space module architecture:
a. Crew Stations - Restraints shall be provided at crew stations where
it is important that body positions normally assumed to perform a task
be maintained and that normal body movements are accommodated.
b. Areas Where High Force Application is Required - Restraints shall
be provided where crewmembers are expected to exert forces that cause
the body to move in reaction, thereby degrading task performance.
c. Space Medical Facility - Patient restraints shall be provided in
the Space Medical Facility. Restraint location and type shall be adaptable
depending on the type and extent of the injuries or incapacitation of
the patient and shall permit access for the administration of medical
treatment.
d. Undesirable Areas - Restraints shall be provided where necessary
to keep a crewmember from drifting into undesirable areas such as a
hazardous area, traffic area, or workstation.
e. Noninterference - Restraints shall be located so as not to restrict
or interfere with crew operations.
8.9.4 Example of IVA Restraints,
Architectural Integration Design Solutions
{O}
The Skylab internal fixed mobility aid locations are shown in
Figure 8.9.4-1.
Figure 8.9.4-1
Skylab Internal Mobility Aid Locations
Reference: 1, p. 3-59;
NASA-STD-3000 347
8.10
HATCHES AND DOORS
{A}
8.10.1 Introduction
{A}
This section discusses the design of IVA hatches and doors. Both hatch
and door openings and the opening covers are discussed. Only full body
access hatches and doors are discussed.
(Refer to Paragraph 14.5,
EVA Mobility and Translation, for information on EVA passageways.)
(Refer to Section 12.0, Maintainability,
for information on partial body access openings, i.e., arms, hands and
fingers.)
(Refer to Paragraphs 11.6,
Handles and Grasp Areas, and 11.3,
Drawers and Racks, for specific design requirements for hatch and door
handles.)
(Refer to Paragraph 8.8, Translation
Paths, for additional information on design for translation within the
space module.)
8.10.2 Hatch and Door
Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations for the location and design of hatches
and doors:
a. Use of the Hatch or Door - The following is a list of the types
of hatches and doors and some of their specific design considerations:
1. Pressure Hatch - Although the pressure hatch must be able to withstand
high-pressure loads, it must not be too massive or difficult to operate.
Due to the criticality of the pressure hatch,
operating procedures and hardware must minimize the chance of unsafe
operations. Normally, the pressure hatch opening size and controls must
be designed to be used by a space suited crewmember. Reliability is
enhanced if hatches open toward the higher pressure volume, thus making
them essentially self- sealing.
2. Internal Doors - Internal doors may be necessary for visual privacy,
reduction of light, reduction of noise, fire barriers, and restraint
of loose equipment. The configuration will vary accordingly.
3. Emergency Hatches - Emergency hatches are used primarily for escape
or rescue. A dedicated emergency hatch should not interfere with normal
activities. In an emergency, however, hatch operation should be simple
and quick. Where pressure loss is a possibility, emergency hatch openings
must be sized for space suits.
b. Opening Size and Shape - The following considerations should be
observed when selecting the hatch and door opening size and shape:
1. Body Orientation - Frequently used hatches and doors should not
require body reorientation to pass through. In microgravity conditions,
this means that the opening should allow passage of a crewmember in
the neutral body posture.
2. User Size - The size of the hatch and door opening should accommodate
the largest crewmember plus any equipment to be transported.
3. Space Suited Crewmembers - Generally, internal doors need only be
used by IVA crewmembers; in some cases, however, it may be necessary
to provide opening room for passage for a space suited crewmember.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.3.1,
Body Size Design Requirements, for body size data.)
c. User Strength - The operating forces of the door opening system
must be within the strength range of the weakest of the defined crewmember
population.
(Refer to Paragraph 4.9,
Strength, for specific data.)
d. Traffic Considerations - Internal doors and hatches are points of
potential traffic congestion. The following considerations should be
made to ease the traffic flow:
1. Do not place doors or hatches near a corner where a translation
path junctures with another path and/or where a single path turns the
corner. The doorway should be at least 1.5 m (5 ft) from the corner.
See Figure 8.10.2-1 for illustration.
2. Door and hatch covers should not open into congested translation
paths. Rather, they should open into the compartment.
3. Door and hatch openings should be sized for the traffic flow. To
be efficient, a high use doorway may require an opening to accommodate
more than one crewmember at the same time.
Figure
8.10.2-1 Place Door Openings Away From Traffic Congestion
Reference: 111, p. 303;
NASA-STD-3000 214
8.10.3 Hatch and Door
Design Requirements
{A}
8.10.3.1 Location
Design Requirements
{A}
Hatches and doors shall meet the following location requirements:
a. Internal Door Placement - Enclosed crew stations shall have entrances/exits
to permit unrestricted flow for all anticipated traffic. They shall
be located so personnel who are entering or leaving will not interfere
with surrounding operations or traffic flow.
b. Away From Hazards - In compartments with a single ingress/egress,
the opening shall not be located near flammable, explosive, or otherwise
hazardous substance such that the energy content, if released, will
result in damage that prevents access through the entrance.
c. Emergency Passage - Capability should be provided to allow emergency
exit and rescue entry into a compartment. This may require two or more
entrances into a compartment and/or a pressure hatch.
8.10.3.2 Pressure
Hatch Indicator/Visual Display Design Requirements
{A}
Pressure hatch covers shall have the following visual displays and
indicators:
a. Visual Inspection of Hatch Security - A means shall be provided
on both sides of the pressure hatch for visual safety check to ensure
that it has been secured properly.
b. Remote Status Display - Pressure differentials and hatch operational
status displays shall be provided as necessary for safety at appropriate
space module command and control center(s).
c. Pressure Difference Indicators - Pressure hatches shall have pressure
difference indicators visible on both sides of the hatch.
d. Windows - All airlock hatches shall have windows for visual observation
of all decompression operations with a minimum of blind spots inside
the airlock.
(Refer to Paragraph 11.11.3, Window
Design Requirements, for detailed window design specifications.)
e. Operating Instructions - All pressure hatches shall display operating
procedures on both sides of the hatch.
(Refer to Paragraph 9.5.3.1.8, Operating
Instruction Design Requirements.)
8.10.3.3 Opening
and Closing Mechanisms Design Requirements
{A}
The hatch and door opening and closing mechanisms shall meet the following
design requirements:
a. Emergency Operation - Latching mechanisms shall provide for emergency
operation in case of a latching system failure.
b. EVA Operation - All opening/closing mechanisms shall be operable
by a pressure-suited crewmember.
c. Operation From Both Sides - Hatches shall be capable of being operated,
locked, and unlocked from either side.
d. Interlock - Pressure hatches shall be prevented from unlatching
prior to pressure equalization.
e. Single Crewmember Operation - Hatches shall be capable of being
operated by one crewmember.
f. Parts Tethering - All safety pins or other detachable parts required
for the opening/closing shall be tethered and able to be stowed.
g. Emergency Closing - Hatches and doors shall allow crewmembers to
close covers with or against pressure differentials, for the worst case
pressure differential anticipated.
h. Rapid Closing - Hatches used to isolate interior areas of the space
module shall be designed to allow rapid closing.
8.10.3.4 Operating
Forces Design Requirements
{A}
Hatch and door cover operating forces shall meet the following requirements:
a. Emergency Operation - Forces for emergency manual backup operation
or breakaway of jammed internal hatches and doors shall not exceed 445
Newtons (100 lbs).
b. Latch Operations - The force required to operate door and hatch
latches shall not exceed the strength of the fifth percentile design
population as defined in Paragraph 4.9.3.
(Refer to Paragraph 4.9.3, Strength
- Design Requirements, for strength data.)
c. Open/Close Force - The opening and closing forces for internal hatches
and doors shall not exceed 22 Newtons (5 lbf) assuming zero delta-pressure
through the opening.
d. Restraints - Restraints shall be provided as necessary to counteract
body movement when opening or closing the hatch.
8.10.3.5 Minimum
Size Design Requirements
{A}
The minimum size of personnel hatch and door openings shall accommodate
passage of the largest replaceable module or the 95th percentile male
crewmember (whichever is larger) intended to pass through the opening.
8.10.3.6 Door and
Hatch Shape Design Requirements
{A}
Doors and pressure-sealing hatches shall be shaped such that they can
pass through the opening into which they are designed to fit/seal to
allow for removal, maintenance, repair, relocation, etc.
The location and operation of crew interfaces (gauges, levers, valves,
handles, etc.) for hatches in all pressurized elements shall be visually
and functionally identical. This shall include the procedures and protocols
for opening, securing, closing, statusing and performing maintenance.
{A}
The hatch should be shaped such that it can pass through the opening
that it is designed to seal to allow for removal, maintenance, repair,
relocation, etc.
8.10.4 Hatch and Door
Design Solutions
{A}
The Shuttle hatch, with one flat side, is a good example of a hatch
shape which will allow removal of the outward swinging hatch from within
the craft.
8.11
WINDOWS INTEGRATION
{A}
8.11.1 Introduction
{A}
This section covers the integration (i.e., the placement and location)
of windows with the overall architecture of the space module.
Refer to Paragraph 11.11,
Windows, for requirements and considerations for window detail design
and construction.)
(Refer to Paragraph 9.2.5.1, Window
Workstations, for information on the design and interface of windows
used with workstations.)
8.11.2 Windows Integration
Design Considerations
{A}
8.11.2.1 Location
of Windows Within Space Module Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations that should be observed when locating
windows within the space module:
a. Functional Considerations - Figure
8.11.2.1-1 shows possible uses of the space module window and the
effect of the use on the location of the window within the space module
b. Traffic - The windows should be located so that use of windows will
not interfere with required traffic flow.
c. Light and Glare - The following are lighting and glare considerations
for window location:
1. Glare on window - Bright interior illumination could reflect from
the window surface and degrade visibility.
2. Dark adaptation for celestial viewing - Bright interior illumination
may degrade dark adaptation required for celestial viewing.
3. Light sensitive activities - Exterior light through windows could
degrade light sensitive activities such as sleeping, use of CRT displays,
or tasks requiring dark adaptation.
4. Natural light and calcium loss - Calcium loss from bones in microgravity
is a problem of major concern. Since vitamin D obtained from certain
wavelengths of natural sunlight facilitates absorption of calcium by
the gastrointestinal tract, it is postulated that provided by controlled
crew exposure to appropriately designed and located windows.
(Refer to Paragraph 7.2.3 Reduced
Gravity Countermeasures, for additional information about microgravity
effects.)
5. Destruction of bacteria with natural light - A window could be located
so that the light could be used against the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
6. Use of natural light for illumination - A properly designed and
located window can use natural sunlight as a supplementary source of
internal space module illumination.
Figure
8.11.2.1-1 Functional Considerations for Location of Window Within
a Module
| Window functions |
Location considerations
|
| Proximity operations |
| Coordination of docking and berthing of other modules |
Near module workstations with communications, control displays,
video backup, etc. (refer to Paragraph
9.2.5.1, Window Workstation) |
| Monitor and support of EVA personnel |
Location to provide a clear, stereoscopic view of EVA operations
|
| Teleoperation of EVA equipment |
|
| Earth/celestial
observations |
| Discovery and documentation of unpredicted features and events.
|
Near scientific workstations |
| Scientific research and experimentation. |
Away from high traffic volume (refer to
Paragraph 8.7, Traffic Flow) |
| Support of crew morale
|
| Offset claustrophobic effects of tightly confined, long-term isolation.
|
Near recreational, socialization areas. |
| Provide recreational and awe-inspiring experiences. |
Near areas of boring, monotonous tasks (exercise, for instance).
|
| Enable photography |
Near private quarters |
| Provide educational benefits |
Location to provide view of Earth (if possible) or other interesting
celestial sight |
| Provide a psychological link to the home planet. |
|
| Afford natural illumination and day/night cycles. |
|
Reference: 322, pp. 2,3;
NASA-STD-3000 180
8.11.2.2 Window
Configuration Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations for the design of the window and the
surrounding area:
a. Anthropometrics and Neutral Body Posture - The window must be placed
on the line of sight of the user. The size range of the users must be
considered. In microgravity conditions the neutral body posture must
be accommodated.
(Refer to Section 3.0, Anthropometrics,
for data on body dimensions, line of sight, and the neutral body posture.)
b. Total Visual Field - The total visual field out the window must
be compatible with the task of the viewer. Calculate the total visual
field using the following dimensions:
1. Window width.
2. Bezel thickness.
3. Distance of the viewer from the window.
4. Lateral offset.
These dimensions are illustrated in Figure
8.11.2.2-1 along with the factors that affect them.
c. Window Shape - In proximity operations, cues to establish viewer
or target orientation are important. A square or rectangular window
with flat frame edges can provide the viewer with orientation cues.
Round windows do not provide these cues.
d. Restraints - Body restraints compatible with the viewing task must
be provided for microgravity conditions. The restraints should allow
the full size range of users to position themselves for viewing.
e. Protection of the Window Surface - In a microgravity environment,
crewmembers are able to use all exposed surfaces for stabilization and
mobility. Care should be taken in designing and locating the window
to ensure that it is not damaged by the crew during translation.
f. Space Module Windows - Windows located in the habitation module
should be used primarily for crew recreation and observation during
off-duty periods.
Figure
8.11.2.2-1 Calculation of Visual Angle From Window
Calculation of Visual Angle From Window
| Dimension |
Factors affecting dimension |
Bezel thickness
Window width |
Window hardware design |
| Set-back distance |
Body dimensions of viewer
Size of workstation console or other equipment around window |
| Lateral offset |
Number of viewers
Obstructions around window area
Viewing requirements of task (i.e., target acquisition time) |
|
Reference: 323, p. 7;
NASA-STD-3000 181
8.11.3 Window Integration
Design Requirements
{A}
The following are requirements for the architectural integration and
design of windows:
a. Required Windows - Properly located and sized windows shall be provided
for the following functions:
1. Off duty recreational viewing by the crewmembers.
2. As necessary for interface with EVA activities.
3. To support proximity operations.
4. To support external inspection of adjacent modules, structures,
and/or other spacecraft.
5. As necessary for scientific celestial or Earth observations.
6. For observation of decompression through airlock and pressure hatch
covers. Windows shall be located and configured with minimum blind areas
inside the decompression area. Windows shall allow a 90o field of view
for an eye reference point located along a normal to the window opening.
This normal passes through the geometric center of the opening. This
reference point shall be located half the window opening dimension from
the inner pane.
b. Adequate Space Around Windows - The architectural arrangement of
equipment near the windows shall allow adequate space for the performance
of designated operational, maintenance, and recreational tasks by suitably
clothed crewmembers representing the significant body dimensions applicable
to access clearance.
c. Restraints - Restraints shall be provided in microgravity conditions
when necessary for window task performance.
d. Compatibility With Adjacent Area
1. Lighting - Provisions shall be made to preclude reductions in visual
capability of all viewers using a window(s) due to both internal and
external light sources.
2. Glare - Reflected glare or ghost imaging shall not degrade the visual
performance of the viewer or surrounding crew activities.
3. Internal light sources shall be positioned so as to preclude reductions
in viewer visual capability while using windows.
e. Window Attachments - The following accommodations shall be provided
so as to impose minimal interference with nominal crew window activities:
1. Mounting/Pointing/Aligning Fixtures that are:
(a) temporary
(b) unobtrusive (visually as well as physically)
(c) easy to install and use
(d) easy to remove during periods of nonuse
2. Interfaces with space module power, communication (including voice),
data, and lighting systems in the proximity.
8.12
INTERIOR DESIGN AND DECOR
{A}
8.12.1 Introduction
{A}
This section provides interior design and decor considerations and
requirements that relate to the selection of colors, textures, lighting,
materials, furnishings, and decorative accessories that have impact
on the aesthetic quality of space module habitability, especially for
long duration missions.
8.12.2 Interior Design
and Decor Design Considerations
{A}
8.12.2.1 General
Interior Decor Design Considerations
{A}
The following are general considerations for the design of the interior
decor:
a. Simplicity - Interior design (decor) should be simple, i.e., too
many colors, complicated visual patterns, large areas of extremely saturated
colors or too many fabric variations may result in visual or sensual
oversaturation. Such treatment becomes an annoyance to most observers,
especially over long periods of exposure.
b. Variety - Extreme simplicity can be carried too far. Drab, singular
color or completely neutral (e.g., all gray) color schemes and smooth,
untextured surfaces are monotonous and lead to boredom and eventual
irritation with the bland quality of the visual environment. The best
interior design schemes are a balance of variety and simplicity.
c. Personalization - The ability of a crewmember to personalize certain
portions of her or his environment is often a morale booster. This option
should be limited to an individual's personal quarters. A simple feature
could be a simple bulletin board on which the crewmember could display
personal photos or other memorabilia.
d. Maintenance of Decor - Use of a wide variety of colors, textures,
materials, and accessories can exaggerate housekeeping, repair, and
replacement problems.
8.12.2.2 Decorative
Technique Design Considerations
{A}
Decorative techniques to be considered are as follows:
a. Colored Surfaces - A variety of color schemes may be developed using
wall coverings, paint, or treated metal surfaces. The following are
considerations to be observed when using color:
1. Color variety - The use of different schemes for different compartments
within the habitat is an effective way to achieve variety. Within each
compartment, the general use of a small variety of color (no more than
4 to 5) is preferred over a single color. Variety can also be obtained
by using slightly different tints and shades of the basic surfaces,
another for equipment racks, and another for control panels.
2. Reflectance - Color affects the amount of light reflected from a
surface. Diffused reflectance is desirable, especially at workstations.
High reflectance can cause annoying glare.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.13, Lighting,
for surface reflectance requirements and considerations.)
3. Color by light source - Providing surface color by light sources
for the purpose of interior aesthetics should be avoided.
4. Effects on color by common lamps - The two matrices in
Figure 8.12.2.2-1 give a general description of the effects that
common fluorescent, mercury, and filament luminaries have on colored
surfaces. Both the lighting level and the color of the light affect
the appearance of colored surfaces. Filament lamps and warm fluorescent
lamps, which are deficient in blue, emphasize the redness of a surface
color and thus accent warm hues.
5. Preferred colors - Figure 8.12.2.2-2
provides an aid for the selection of preferred colors for different
crew areas. Selected colors should be matched with those in
Reference 290.
6. Location and orientation coding - In some cases the use of color
may be useful in helping the crewmember to more quickly identify the
room type or their orientation in the rooms. Lighter colors may be used
as a cue to indicate designed for a local vertical.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.5, Location
Coding, for additional information.)
b. Texture - Variety on wall or other surfaces can be obtained through
use of textured wall coverings. Texture adds another dimension of variety
to the decor. The following are considerations to be observed when using
texture:
1. Aesthetics - Some fine, regular patterning of coverings is acceptable.
Gross irregular patterns are generally not pleasing and should be avoided.
2. Noise control - Rough textures reduce noise levels better than smooth
textures.
(Refer to Paragraph 5.4,
Acoustics, for additional information on the control of noise.)
3. Glare reduction - Rough textures diffusely scatter incident light
and may be useful in glare reduction.
4. Location coding - Changes in texture may be used to delineate a
subdivision of the interior space. This can be used to increase perceived
privacy and territorially.
5. Cleaning - Smooth and plain surfaces are easy to clean; however,
a small amount of dirt can make them appear unattractive.
c. Decorative Accessories - Decorative accessories should be considered
as long as they are consistent with functional requirements and environmental
constraints. Decorative accessories include curtains, simulated woodgrain
work surfaces, and simulated leather or fabric covers for certain furnishings.
d. Flexibility - Ease of changing decor should be considered. Decor
might be changed during long missions, as crews are replaced during
normal rotation, or when the space module needs to be refurbished. Plans
for such change or rehabilitation should be included in the initial
design so that changes can be accomplished with minimum effort, time,
cost, and interference with ongoing operations. As an example, techniques
for quick removal and replacement of wall and ceiling structural coverings
should be considered to vary color schemes as well as replace worn or
damaged coverings.
e. Lighting - Variation in lighting quantity, direction, brightness,
and predominant wavelength may be utilized to influence perceived spaciousness
and create visual variety.
Color Effects of White Fluorescent Lamps
| Lamp appearance: |
Cool White |
Deluxe cool white |
Warm white |
Deluxe warm white |
Effect on neutral surfaces |
White |
White |
Yellowish white |
Yellowish white |
Effect on "atmosphere" |
Neutral to moderately cool |
Neutral to moderately cool |
Warm |
Warm |
Colors strengthened |
Orange, yellow, blue |
All nearly equal |
Orange yellow |
Red, orange, yellow, green |
Colors grayed |
Red |
None appreciably |
Red, green, blue |
Blue |
Remarks |
Blends with natural daylight |
Best over- all color rendition: simulates natural daylight |
Blends with incandescent light |
Excellent color rendition; simulates incandescent light |
Color Effects of White Fluorescent Lamps (continued)
| Lamp appearance: |
Daylight |
White |
Soft white-natural |
Effect on neutral surfaces |
Bluish white |
Pale yellowish white |
Pinkish white |
Effect on "atmosphere" |
Very cool |
Moderately warm |
Warm, pinkish |
Colors strengthened |
Green blue |
Orange, yellow |
Red, orange |
Colors grayed |
Red, orange |
Red, green, blue |
Green, blue |
Remarks |
Usually replaceable with cool white |
Usually replaceable with cool white or warm white |
Usually replaceable with deluxe cool white or deluxe warm white |
Color Effects of Mercury and Filament Lamps
| Lamp appearance
|
Mercury |
White mercury
|
Color- improved
mercury |
Deluxe white
mercury |
Filament |
| Effect on neutral surfaces |
Greenish blue white |
Greenish white |
Yellowish white |
White |
Yellowish white |
| Effect on "atmosphere" |
Very cool, greenish |
Moderately cool, greenish |
Warm, yellowish |
Moderately cool |
Warm |
| Colors strengthened |
Yellow, green, blue |
Yellow, green, blue |
Yellow, green |
Orange, yellow, blue |
Red, orange, yellow |
| Colors grayed |
Red, orange |
Red, orange |
Blue |
Green |
Blue |
| Remarks |
Poor overall color rendering |
|
Color rendering often acceptable, but not equal to any white
fluorescent |
Color rendering good; compares favorably with deluxe cool
white fluorescent |
Excellent color rendering; tends to yellow when dim |
Reference: 111, pp. 834,
835; NASA-STD-3000 259
Note: The use of saturated (high chroma) or dark (low value)
colors shall be restricted to small amounts. |
Reference: 111, pp. 834-835;
NASA-STD-3000 182
8.12.2.3 Psychological Effects Design Considerations
{A}
There are several psychological effects of color and light that should
be considered in space module habitat design.
a. Compartment Spaciousness - Color can effect perceived spaciousness.
The primary qualities of color that effect spaciousness are brightness
(lightness) and saturation. There are small receding and advancing effects
due to hues, but these effects are secondary to brightness and saturation.
The following color scheme will help to maximize spaciousness:
1. Keep boundary surfaces at high brightness and low saturation.
2. Color interior partitions at medium brightness and medium saturation.
3. Accent elements at either medium or low brightness and high saturation.
4. Color protruding elements the same as the boundary surfaces.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.6, Envelope
Geometry for Crew Functions, for additional information on spaciousness.)
b. Perceived Temperature - Some investigators claim that perceived
temperature can be influenced by color and texture. Hue is by far the
most important dimension of the color for this effect. Perceived temperature
can also be strongly enhanced by texture. The reported effects of color
and texture on perceived temperature are listed below:
1. Warmth - Warm colors (red, yellow, pink, brown, etc.) and highly
textured surfaces.
2. Coolness - Cool colors (green, violet, blue, etc.) and polished
surfaces.
c. Psychological Response to Light - The psychological response to
light is a combined function of its amount, directionability, and power
spectrum, and their suitability for different types of activities. Good
lighting design incorporates more than a simple concern for illumination
of a visual task.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.13, for task lighting
requirements.)
d. Stress Reduction - Certain interior decor features such as pictures
or panel coverings with natural/naturalistic themes may aid in stress
reduction for occupants.
8.12.2.4 Materials Design Considerations
{A}
Durability, nonflammability, and safety are all considerations for
the selection of materials for interior decor. The materials should
not impart chemical, mechanical (abrasive surfaces, sharp corners, edges,
etc.), or any other hazard to the crew.
8.12.3 Interior Design and Decor Design Requirements
{A}
The following are requirements for the interior design and decor of
the space module:
8.12.3.1 Aesthetic and Psychological Requirements
{A}
The aesthetic and psychological response of the crew shall be a consideration
in the selection of the space module interior design and decor.
8.12.3.2 Decor Flexibility
{A}
The interior decor shall be capable of being changed with a minimum
of resource expenditure.
8.12.3.3 Color Selection
{A}
The following are requirements for the use of color in the space module
interior:
1. Use of dark or saturated colors - The use of dark (low brightness)
or saturated colors shall be restricted to small areas, (e.g., handrails,
display frames, etc.).
2. Color variety - An enclosed space that is frequently occupied shall
not be a uniform color throughout.
3. Colors in eating and grooming areas - Color schemes for eating and
grooming areas shall consist of colors that enhance the appearance of
food and a person's skin color.
8.12.3.4 Decor Cleaning and Maintenance
{A}
All surfaces shall be easily cleaned and maintained.
8.12.3.5 Decor Durability
{A}
Decor materials shall be resistant to abrasion, scratching, and the
absorption of undesirable contaminants, spilled chemicals, grease, body
excretions, fungi, moisture, direct sunlight, ozone, airborne particles,
cleaning and decontamination agents.
8.12.3.6 Safety
{A}
The use of hazardous materials shall be minimized; those used shall
meet the applicable requirements specified in NHIB 8060.1B, Flammability,
Odor and Offgassing Requirements and Test Procedures for Materials Used
in Environments That Support Combustion (J8400003). Materials and components
subject to insidious degradation in the space module ionizing environment
shall not be used where that degradation can cause or contribute to
any crew hazards.
(Refer to Section 6.0, Crew Safety, for
detailed safety requirements.)
In the event of fire, the interior walls and secondary structures within
space module shall be self-extinguishing.
8.13
LIGHTING
{A}
8.13.1 Introduction
{A}
This section discusses and defines the overall lighting requirements
for the interior of the space module.
(Refer to Paragraphs 14.4.2.4,
EVA Workstation Lighting Design Considerations, and
Paragraph 14.4.3.3, EVA Workstation Lighting Design Requirements,
for EVA lighting considerations and requirements.)
(Refer to Paragraph 9.2.2.2.1,
Workstation Illumination Design Requirements, for workstation control
panels and displays lighting requirements.)
(Refer to Paragraph 4.2, Vision,
for a discussion of the human eye and its response to light.)
8.13.2 Lighting Design
Considerations
{A}
Space module lighting systems should be designed to optimize viewing
conditions for all mission activities. This will vary from very gross
visual requirement (such as seeing to move about) to very critical visual
tasks that require discrimination of color codes, seeing fine detail
an instruments, or detection of dim objects or planetary detail at night.
The key factors to consider are:
a. Color of light source.
b. Intensity of light.
c. Placement of light sources.
d. Distribution of light.
e. Characteristics of task materials.
f. Observer's dark/light adaptation level requirements.
g. Psychological factors.
8.13.2.1 Color
of Light Source Design Considerations
{A}
White light sources should be used for most nominal work and living
space areas because this makes people and things look natural and allows
use of special surface color codes to be recognized. Designers should
strive to utilize interior lighting that approximates the full spectral
range of sunlight.
Red lighting should be considered where it is necessary for a crewmember
to remain dark adapted. An example would be when the crewmember has
to look out of a window (at night), but also read instruments inside
the space module.
8.13.2.2 Lighting
Intensity Design Considerations
{A}
Light level or intensity should be sufficient to allow the crewmembers
to perform their visual tasks efficiently, but not so high as to create
glare sources. Generally, the more detailed or long duration the task,
the higher the illumination should be. Each lighting system should be
dimmable to allow crewmembers to optimize their viewing conditions.
8.13.2.3 Placement
of Sources Design Considerations
{A}
Light sources should be placed according to what they are intended
to illuminate, i.e., surfaces, objects, people, instruments, documents
or signs. They should not shine in crewmember's eyes, or cause serious
reflections that could degrade visual task performance. Supplemental
lighting should be provided for personnel performing specialized visual
tasks in areas where fixed illumination is less than the minimum required.
8.13.2.4 Light Distribution
Design Considerations
{A}
As a general rule, illumination in work and living spaces should eliminate
glare and shadows that interfere with prescribed tasks. The following
are three important factors of light distribution and some of the exceptions
to this general rule:
a. Ambient Light - Ambient light for general, gross illumination should
be distributed so as to enhance the appearance (e.g., spaciousness)
and functional performance of an interior volume.
b. Supplemental Light - Supplemental light may be required for local
illumination of a special task.
c. Self Illuminated Displays - Self-lit or luminous displays such as
a CRT may require a reduction of illumination.
The operator should be provided with a control over each type of light
where practical.
8.13.2.5 Characteristics
of Task Materials Design Considerations
{A}
Different material and surfaces react differently to various lighting
techniques. Slick, glossy materials, instrument covers, windows and
painted surfaces tend to create reflection and glare problems. Reduction
of such problems requires consideration of the type and positioning
of light sources, control of illumination level, and possible use of
anti-reflection coatings. Whenever possible avoid glossy, highly-polished
surfaces. Figure 8.13.2.5-1 gives
typical reflectance values for various surfaces.
Figure
8.13.2.5-1 Typical Work Surface Reflectance Values
Reference: 15, p. 3-23;
NASA-STD-3000 223
8.13.2.6 Observer
Light/Dark Adaptation Design Considerations
{A}
Task/lighting conditions should be planned and executed to preclude
or minimize the need for a crewmember to suddenly shift from a very
bright to very dark environment, or vice-versa.
8.13.2.7 Psychological
Factors Design Considerations
{A}
Although power constraints limit the ability to provide high levels
throughout the space module, higher ambient light levels do have a distinctly
beneficial effect on morale. Reasonably high level ambient illumination
should be considered for such activities as food preparation and eating,
recreation, and personal hygiene.
(Refer to Paragraph 8.12.2, Interior Design
and Decor Design Considerations, for additional information on the psychological
effects of lighting.)
8.13.3 Lighting Design
Requirements
{A}
8.13.3.1 Illumination
Level Design Requirements
{A}
8.13.3.1.1 General
Interior Illumination Levels Design Requirements
{A}
The general illumination of a space module shall be a minimum of 108
lux (10 foot-candles) of white light.
(Refer to Paragraph 9.2.2.2.1,
Workstation Illumination Design Requirements, for specific workstation
task lighting requirements.)
(Refer to Paragraph 14.4.3.3,
EVA Workstation Lighting Design Requirements, for EVA lighting requirements.)
8.13.3.1.2
Illumination For Specific Tasks Design Requirements
{A}
The lighting level shall be measured on the primary work surfaces.
Measurement shall be taken at 80% of maximum lumen output.
Specific IVA task lighting requirements are defined in
Figure 8.13.3.1.2-1 which also defines illumination levels for workstations.
EVA lighting requirements are in Paragraph
14.4.3.3, EVA Workstation Lighting Design Requirements.
| Area or Task |
Lux |
(Ft. C. ) |
GENERAL |
108 |
(10) |
PASSAGEWAYS |
54 |
(5) |
Hatches
|
108 |
(10) |
Handles
|
108 |
(10) |
Ladders
|
108 |
(10) |
STOWAGE AREAS |
108 |
(10) |
WARDROOM |
215 |
(20) |
Reading
|
538 |
(50) |
Recreation
|
323 |
(30) |
GALLEY |
215 |
(20) |
Dining
|
269 |
(25) |
Food Preparation
|
323 |
(30) |
PERSONAL HYGIENE |
108 |
(10) |
Grooming
|
269 |
(25) |
Waste Management
|
164 |
(15) |
Shower
|
269 |
(25) |
CREW QUARTERS |
108 |
(10) |
Reading
|
323 |
(30) |
Sleep
|
54 |
(5) |
HEALTH MAINTENANCE |
215 |
(20) |
First Aid
|
269 |
(25) |
Surgical
|
1076 |
(100) |
I. V. Treatment
|
807 |
(75) |
Exercise
|
538 |
(50) |
Hyperbaric clinical lab
|
538 |
(50) |
Imaging televideo
|
538 |
(50) |
WORKSTATION |
323 |
(30) |
Maintenance
|
269 |
(25) |
Controls
|
215 |
(20) |
Assembly
|
323 |
(30) |
Transcribing
|
538 |
(50) |
Tabulating
|
538 |
(50) |
Repair
|
323 |
(30) |
Panels (Positive)
|
215 |
(20) |
Panels (Negative)
|
54 |
(5) |
Reading
|
548 |
(50) |
NIGHT LIGHTING |
21 |
(2) |
EMERGENCY LIGHTING |
32 |
(3) |
| Note: Levels are measured at the task or 760 mm.
(30 in.) above floor. All level are minimums. |
Reference: 351 with
updates NASA-STD-3000 291, Rev. A
8.13.3.1.3 Illumination
Levels of Sleeping Areas Design Requirements
{A}
The following requirements apply to the illumination of sleeping areas:
a. The lighting level shall be adjustable from off to the maximum for
sleeping areas.
b. Minimum lighting of 32 Lux (3 fc), or other means of visual orientation
shall be provided to permit emergency egress from sleeping areas.
8.13.3.1.4
Illumination Levels for Dark Adaptation Design Requirements
{A}
If maximum dark adaptation is required, red light or low level white
lighting [CIE color coordinates for x and y equals 0.330 ± 0.030
(1932)] is acceptable . All trans-illuminated displays and controls
shall be visible when all other lighting is turned off.
When dark adaptation is required for performance of tasks, the following
measures shall be taken:
a. Low Level Lighting - Low level lighting shall be provided for task
performance which minimizes loss of dark adaptation.
b. Protection From Stray Light - Areas requiring low level illumination
shall be protected from external light sources.
1. All external windows shall be provided with protective light shields
(shades, curtains, etc.)
2. All doorways shall be light-proof when closed.
8.13.3.2 Light Distribution
Design Requirements
{A}
8.13.3.2.1 Glare
From Light Sources Design Requirements
{A}
Glare is the sensation produced by any luminance within the visual
field that is sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eye
is adjusted to cause eye fatigue, discomfort, annoyance, or interference
with visual performance and visibility.
The following measures shall be taken where possible to avoid glare
from artificial light sources.
a. Light Sources in Front or to the Side of Operators - Locate light
sources so that they do not shine directly at the operator. This includes
the range within 60 o to any side of the center of the visual field.
b. Source Brightness and Quantity - Use more relatively dim light sources,
rather than a few very bright ones.
c. Glare Protection - Use polarized light, shields, hoods, lens, diffusers,
and/or visors to reduce the glare.
d. Indirect Lighting - Indirect lighting systems shall be used for
providing uniform, glare-free general illumination.
e. Luminance Ratio - The luminance ratio for the luminaries shall not
exceed 5:1 maximum to the average over the viewing area (average luminance
is six readings on the luminance area).
8.13.3.2.2 Reflected
Glare Design Requirements
{A}
a. Luminance of specular reflectance from the task background shall
not be greater than 3 times the average luminance of the immediate background.
b. Luminance of specular reflectance from a remote task shall not be
greater than 10 times the average luminance from the remote background.
c. Surface Reflection - Work surface reflection shall be diffused and
shall not exceed 20 percent specularity.
d. Angle of Incidence - Arrange direct light sources so their angle
of incidence to the visual work area is not the same as the operator's
viewing angle.
c. Polished Surfaces - Avoid placement of smooth, highly polished surfaces
within 60° of normal to the operator's visual field.
d. Light Source Behind Operator - Do not place bright light sources
behind operators so that eyeglasses or display faces can reflect glare
into the operator's eyes.
8.13.3.2.3 Brightness
Ratio Design Requirements
{A}
a. Wall surface average luminance shall be within 50-80% of ceiling
surface average luminance.
b. The maximum and minimum luminance ratio for any individual surface
shall not exceed 10:1.
c. The brightness ratios between the lightest and darkest areas and/or
between task area and surroundings shall be no greater than specified
in Figure 8.13.3.2.3-1.
|
Comparison |
Environmental
classification a |
| A |
B |
C |
Between lighter surfaces and darker surfaces within the task |
5 to 1 |
5 to 1 |
5 to 1 |
Between tasks and adjacent darker surroundings |
3 to 1 |
3 to 1 |
5 to 1 |
Between tasks and adjacent lighter surroundings |
1 to 3 |
1 to 3 |
1 to 5 |
Between tasks and more remote darker surfaces |
10 to 1 |
20 to 1 |
b |
Between tasks and more remote lighter surfaces |
1 to 10 |
1 to 20 |
b |
Between luminaires and adjacent surfaces |
20 to 1 |
b |
b |
Between the immediate work area and the rest of the environment |
40 to 1 |
b |
b |
| Notes:
a A - Interior areas where reflectances of entire
space can be controlled for optimum visual conditions.
B - Areas where reflectances of immediate work area can be controlled,
but there is only limited control over remote surroundings.
C - Areas (indoor and outdoor) where it is completely impractical
to control reflectances and difficult to alter environmental conditions.
b Brightness-ratio control not practical. |
Reference: 15, page 3-21;
NASA-STD-3000 224
8.13.3.3 Light Color
Design Requirements
{A}
Artificial light shall meet the following color requirements:
a. White Light
- Work areas of Space Station Freedom shall be illuminated with white
light. Color temperature shall be 5000oK or greater for fluorescent
lighting and greater than 3800oK for incandescent lighting.
b. Color Temperature
Variation - Light sources shall have a correlated color temperature
within the visual field of 300oK when operated at maximum power.
c.
Color Rendition - Unless otherwise specified the minimum CIE general
color rendering index (Ra) of any light source shall be 90 or better,
with no special index (Ri) of any one test color sample less than 70.
See Paragraph 9.5.3.2 i for
color coding information relative to illuminated displays.
8.13.3.4 Lighting
Fixtures and Controls Design Requirements
{A}
The following design requirements apply to lighting fixtures and their
controls:
a. Emergency Lights - An independent, self-energizing illumination
system shall be provided that will be automatically activated in the
event of a major primary power failure or main lighting circuit malfunction
resulting in circuit breaker interruption. Emergency illumination levels
shall be per Figure 8.13.3.1.2-1.
b. Controls - Lighting controls shall meet the following requirements:
1. Required controls - Each light fixture shall have its own control.
In addition centralized lighting control shall be provided for each
compartment and translation path.
a) Location - Lighting controls shall be provided at entrances and
exits of habitable areas.
b) Sleeping - Sleeping area light controls shall be within the reach
of a crewmember when in the sleep restraint.
c) Controls - Controls for artificial illumination at the workstation
shall be located within the reach envelope for the operator at the display/control
panel or workstation that is affected.
2. Control identification - Lighting controls shall be illuminated
in areas that are frequently darkened.
3. Variability - Dimmer controls shall be provided (either discrete
or continuous) when required for mission requirements.
c. Flicker - Light sources shall not have a perceptible flicker.
d. Fixture Protection - The following protective measures shall be
incorporated into lighting fixtures:
1. Protection from crew - Light sources shall be protected from damage
by crew activity.
2. Hot surfaces - Provide protective covers on lighting fixtures whose
surface temperature exceeds the maximum allowable temperatures given
in Paragraph 6.5.3 b.
3. Bulb or Lens Breakage - Provisions shall be incorporated into all
light fixtures to contain all glass fragments in the case of bulb or
lens breakage.
4. Replacement of Bulbs - Provisions shall be incorporated into all
light fixtures to allow for replacement of bulbs or luminaries as appropriate
without tools and without imposing any hazard to the crew.
(Refer to Section 6.5,
Temperature, for additional requirements pertaining to hot surfaces.)
e. Portable Lights - Portable lights shall be provided as necessary
for illumination of otherwise inaccessible areas or as supplemental
lighting for tasks such as photography.
8.13.3.5 Medical
Lighting Requirements
{A}
a. Habitation Module and Hyperbaric Chamber Ambient Light Requirements:
1. The light intensity shall be as specified in
Figure 8.13.3.1.2-1.
2. The minimum (contingency) illuminate needed for patient treatment
is 500 lux (46 ft. cd.).
3. The
light source shall have a color Temperature of 5000°K. If filament
lamps are used for light sources, color temperature shall be 4200°
Kelvin or greater.
4.
Color temperature match and uniformity shall be in accordance with
paragraphs 8.13.3.3 b and 8.13.3.3 c.
b. Surgical Lighting:
1. The surgical light will double as a dental light.
2. Requirements of 8.13.3.5 a.3 and
8.13.3.5 a.4 also apply for surgical light.
3. The maximum illuminate to support surgical procedures shall be 4000
lux maximum (872 ft. cd.) to the center of a surface area of 500 square
centimeters (77.5 in2) located 147 cm (5 ft.) from the work area.
4. The illuminate may taper from the center of the pattern to the edge
no more than 20% of the maximum illuminate.
5. The luminaries must be directable through a complete hemisphere.
6. The luminaries must be focusable from a pattern diameter of 45 cm
(18.5 in) down to 5 cm (2 in).
7. Shadows in the surgical field shall be minimized by luminaries design.
8. Radiant energy in the spectral region of 800 to 1000 nm shall be
minimized.
c. Clinical Laboratory Workstation Lighting - The minimum illuminate
at the workstation surface shall be as specified in
Figure 8.13.3.1.2-1.
d. Imaging Lighting:
1. Requirements 8.13.3.5 a.3 and
8.13.3.5 a.4 also apply to imaging lighting.
2. The minimum illuminate to provide adequate lighting for televideo
systems is given in Figure 8.13.3.1.2-1.
8.13.3.6 Workstation
Illumination Design Requirements
{A}
a. Illumination - Workstation illumination shall be determined by the
tasks to be accomplished. Illumination requirements are given in
Figure 8.13.3.1.2-1.
b. Adjustable Illumination - Workstation illumination shall be fully
adjustable down at OFF.
c. Supplementary Lighting - Portable lighting shall be available for
use when additional lighting is required at a workstation.
d. Light Distribution - Illumination shall uniformly cover the entire
work/display area. The minimum ratio for differences in illumination
within a work area shall meet the following specifications.
1. Primary viewing areas (30 to 60 degree visual angle about primary
lines of sight) - Maintain a 3:1 ratio.
2. Adjacent viewing areas (30 to 60 degree band surrounding primary
viewing areas) - Maintain a 5:1 ratio.
3. Workstation area outside adjacent viewing areas - Maintain a 10:1
ratio.
e. Shadows - Placement for lighting sources shall be such that shadows
are not created on working surfaces or information displays by normal
positioning of crewmembers or equipment.
f. Reflections - Lighting sources shall be designed and located to
avoid creating reflections or glare from working and display surfaces,
as viewed from any working position that might interfere with task performance.
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