Volume I, Section 3
3 ANTHROPOMETRY AND BIOMECHANICS
{A} For a description of the notations, see Acceleration
Regimes.
This section contains the following topics:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Anthropometrics
& Biomechanics Related Design Considerations
3.3 Anthropometric and
Biomechanics Related Design Data
See the video
clips associated with this section.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
{A}
3.1.1 Scope
{A}
This section presents information about human body size,
posture, movement, surface area, volume, and mass.
(Refer to Paragraph 4.9,
Strength, for information in human strength).
For purposes of this document, body dimensions and mobility
descriptions are limited to the range of personnel considered
most likely to be space module crewmembers and visiting
personnel. It is assumed that these personnel will be in
good health, fully adult in physical development, and an
average age of 40 years. A wide range of ethnic and racial
backgrounds may b represented, and crewmembers may be either
male or female. The dimensional data in
Paragraph 3.3.1, Body Size, are estimates of the size
of crewmembers in the year 2000.
Data included in this document have been primarily measured
on the ground (1-G environment). Where possible, guidelines
are provided for relating these data to space flight acceleration
regimes (from hypergravity to microgravity).
The scope of this section is focused and limited to basic
descriptive data, rather than workspace design requirements.
(Refer to Section 8.0, Architecture,
Section 9.0, Workstations,
and Section 10.0, Activity Centers
for specific crew station design considerations and requirements).
3.1.2 Terminology
{A}
The disciplines of anthropometry and biomechanics have
a specialized vocabulary of terms with specific meanings
for designating points and distances of measurement, range,
direction of motion, and mass. General anthropometric terminology
is defined in Appendix
B of Volume 2. Anatomical and anthropometric planes
and landmarks are illustrated in Figures
3.1.2-1, 3.1.2-2, 3.1.2-3,
and 3.1.2-4 Body segments
and the planes defining these segments are defined in
Figure 3.1.2-5.
Figure
3.1.2-1 Body Planes and Orientations
Reference: 16,
pp. III-78; NASA-STD-3000 260 (Rev A)
Figure
3.1.2-2 Anatomical and Anthropometric Landmarks
Reference: 16,
pp. III-79; NASA-STD-3000 261 (Rev A)
Figure
3.1.2-3 Anatomical and Anthropometric Landmarks
Reference: 16,
pp. III-79; NASA-STD-3000 262 (Rev A)
Figure
3.1.2-4 Anthropometric Landmarks of the Head and Face
Reference: 16,
p. III-81; NASA-STD-3000 263
Figure
3.1.2-5 Illustrative view of Body Segments and Planes
of Segmentation
Plane Definitions
Head plane: A simple
plane that passes through the right and left gonion
points and nuchal.
Neck plane: A compound
plane in which a horizontal plane originates at cervical
and passes anteriorly to intersect with the second
plane. The second plane originates at the lower of
the two clavicle landmarks and passes superiorly at
a45 degree angle to intersect the horizontal plane.
Thorax plane: A simple
transverse plane that originates at the 10th rib midspine
landmark and passes horizontally through the torso.
Abdominal plane: A
simple transverse plane originating at the higher
of the two illica crest landmarks and continuing horizontally
through the torso.
Hip plane: A simple
plane originating midsagittaly on the perineal surface
and passing superiorly and laterally midway between
the anterior superior iliac spine and trochanterion
landmarks, paralleling the right and left inguinal
ligaments.
Thigh flap plane:
A simple plane originating at the gluteal furrow landmark
and passing horizontally through the thigh.
Knee plane: A simple
plane originating at the lateral femoral epicondyle
and passing horizontally through the knee.
Ankle plane: A simple
plane originating at the sphyrion landmark and passing
horizontally through the ankle.
Shoulder plane: A
simple plane originating at the acromion landmark
and passing inferiorly and medially through the anterior
and posterior scye point marks at the axillary level.
Elbow plane: A simple
plane originating at the olecranon landmark and passing
through the medial and lateral humeral epicondyle
landmarks.
Wrist plane: A simple
plane originating at the ulnar and radial styloid
landmarks and passing through the wrist perpendicular
to the long axis of the forearm. |
Reference: 273,
p. 9-15; NASA-STD-3000 264
3.2
GENERAL ANTHROPOMETRICS & BIOMECHANICS RELATED DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
{A}
3.2.1 Anthropometric
Database Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations that must be made when
using and applying anthropometric data.
a. Percentile Range - Design and sizing of space modules
should ensure accommodation, compatibility, operability,
and maintainability by the user population. Generally, design
limits are based on a range of the user population from
the 5th percentile values for critical body dimensions,
as appropriate. The use of this range will theoretically
provide coverage for 90% of the user population for that
dimension.
b. User Population Definition - Anthropometric data should
be established form a survey of the actual user population.
In the case of space programs, it is difficult to define
the user population. Past space programs have involved a
small, select, and easily defined group. As the space program
expands, the user population will expand and change. With
improved environmental controls, physical fitness will be
a less important criterion. Skills and knowledge will be
more of a factor in selection. International participation
will also influence the character of the user population.
In this document, the user population has not been defined.
Data are provided for the 5th percentile Asian Japanese
and the 95th percentile White or Black American male projected
to the year 2000. This does not necessarily define the 5th
and 95th percentile of the user population. The data in
this document are meant only to provide information on the
size ranges of people of the world. The Japanese female
represents some of smaller people of the world and the American
male some of the larger. Development of a predicted
user population size range requires a statistical combination
of an estimated mix of these data.
c. Misuse of the 50th Percentile - There is an erroneous
tendency to consider the 50th percentile dimensional data
as sufficient to accommodate the majority of users. This
must not be done. The 50th percentile dimensions will accommodate
only a narrow portion of the population, not a majority
of the users. The full size range of users must be considered.
d. Summation of Segment Dimensions - Caution must be taken
when combining body segment dimensions. The 95th percentile
arm length, for instance, is not the addition of the 95th
percentile shoulder-to-elbow length plus the 95th percentile
elbow-to-hand length. The actual 95th percentile arm length
will be somewhat less. The 95th percentile individual is
not composed of 95th percentile segments. The same is true
for any percentile individual.
(Refer to Reference
16, p. VIII-5, for a more complete discussion of segment
combinations).
e. Percentiles within a category of data are exclusive.
For example, a person who is 5th percentile body size does
not necessarily have 5th percentile reach or joint movement.
3.2.2 Application of Anthropometric Data Design Considerations
{A}
Equipment, whether it be a workstation or clothing, must
fit the user population. The user population will vary in
size, and the equipment design must account for this range
of sizes. There are three ways in which a design will fit
the user:
a. Single Size For All - A single size may accommodate
all members of the population. A workstation which has a
switch located within the reach limit of the smallest person,
for instance, will allow everyone to reach the switch.
b. Adjustment - The design can incorporate an adjustment
capability. The most common example of this is the automobile
seat.
c. Several Sizes - Several sizes of equipment may be required
to accommodate the full population size-range. This is usually
necessary for equipment or personal gear that must closely
conform to the body such as clothing and space suits
All three situations require the designer to use anthropometric
data.
3.2.3 Variability In Human Body Size Design Considerations
{A}
3.2.3.1
Microgravity Effects Design Considerations
{O}
The effects of weightlessness on human body size are summarized
below and are discussed in greater detail in
Figures 3.2.3.1-1 and 3.2.3.1-2.
The primary anthropometry effects of microgravity are as
follows:
Figure
3.2.3.1-1 Anthropometric Changes in Weightlessness
| Parameter |
Anthropometric
change |
| |
Short-term mission (1 to
14 days) |
Long-term mission (more
than 14 days) |
| Pre vs. during mission |
Pre vs. post-mission |
| Height |
Slight increase during first week (~1.3 cm or
0.5 in).
Height returns to normal *R+O
Increases caused by spine lengthening |
Increases during first 2 weeks then stabilizes
at approximately 3% of pre-mission baseline. Increases
caused by spine lengthening |
Returns to normal on R+O |
| Circumferences |
Circumference changes in chest, waist,
and limbs. See Figure
3.2.3.1-2 for chest and waist changes. Changes
due primarily to fluids shifts. |
| Mass |
Post flight weight losses average 3.4%; about
2/3 of the loss is due to water loss, the remainder
due to loss of lean body mass and fat. Center of mass
shifts headward approximately 3-4 cm (1-2in.) See
paragraph 3.3.7.3.2.1
for details. |
Inflight weight losses average 3-4% during first
5 days, thereafter, weight gradually declines for
the remainder of the mission. Early inflight losses
are probably due to loss of fluids; later losses are
metabolic. Center of mass shifts headward approximately
3-4 cm (1-2in). |
Rapid weight gain during first 5 days postflight,
mainly due to replenishment of fluids. Slower weight
gain from R+5 to R+2 or 3 weeks. |
| Limb volume |
Inflght leg volume decreases exponentially during
first mission day; thereafter, rate of decrease declines
until reaching a plateau within 3-5 days. Postflight
decrements in leg volume up to 3%; rapid increase
immediately postflight, followed by slower return
to pre-mission baseline. |
Early inflight period same as short missions.
Leg volume may continue to decrease slightly throughout
mission. Arm volume decreases slightly. |
Rapid increase in leg volume immediately postflight,
followed by slower return to pre-mission baseline. |
| Posture |
Immediate assumption of neutral body posture (see
paragraph 3.3.4) |
Immediate assumption of neutral body posture (see
paragraph 3.3.4) |
Rapid return to pre-mission posture. |
| Note: *Recovery day plus post mission
days |
Reference: 16,
Chapter 1; 208,
pp. 132-133; NASA-STD-3000 265
a. Height Increase - Stature increases approximately 3%.
This is the result of spinal decompression and lengthening.
b. Neutral Body Posture - The relaxed body immediately
assumes a characteristic neutral body posture.
(Refer to Paragraph
3.3.4, Neutral Body Posture, for detailed information).
c. Body Circumference Changes - Body circumference changes
occur in microgravity such as shown in
Figure 3.2.3.1-2. These changes are due to fluid shifts
toward the head.
d. Mass Loss - The total mass of the body decreases by
3% to 4%. This is due primarily to loss of body fluids and,
somewhat, to atrophy and loss of the mass of muscles that
were used in 1-G (muscle mass loss is dependent on exercise
regimes).
Figure
3.2.3.1-2 Micro-gravity Changes in Height, Waist, and
Chest Measured on Skylab Crewmen: One-G Measurements as
Baseline
Reference: 16,
Figure 19 and 20, pp. 1-28 and 29; NASA-STD-3000 266
3.2.3.2 Inter-Individual Variation Design Considerations
{A}
The two major factors of inter-individual variations are
sex and race. The following general rules apply to the anthropometric
variations due to sex and race:
a. Sex Variations - Female measurements average about 92%
of comparable male measurements (within race). Average female
weight is about 75% of male weight.
b. Racial Variations - Blacks and Whites are very similar
in terms of height and weight measurements. The average
torso measurement of Whites is longer than Blacks and limbs
are shorter. Asians are generally shorter and lighter than
Whites and Blacks. Most of this stature difference is in
leg length. Asian facial dimensions may be larger in proportion
to height.
Because of these variations, the extremes of the world
population size range is represented in this document by
the large (95th percentile) White or Black American male
and the small (5th percentile) Asian Japanese female.
3.2.3.3 Secular Changes Design Considerations
{A}
For typical long-term space module design studies, it is
appropriate to estimate the body dimensions of a future
population of crew, passengers, and even the ground crew.
Past experience has demonstrated that there is a historical
change in average height, arm length, weight, and many other
dimensions. This type of human variation, occurring from
generation to generation over time, is usually referred
to as secular change. Whether the effect results from better
nutrition, improved health care, or some biological selection
process has not been determined.
The validity of the design requirements for the actual
operational years of the space module depends on the accuracy
of the secular trend estimation, the basic assumptions concerning
the baseline crew population, and the operational life of
the system.
For this standard, an operational year of 2000 and a crewmember
age of 40 years has been selected. The secular growth rates
of stature used to predict the year 2000 population are
shown in Figure 3.2.3.3-1.
These secular growth trends must be validated periodically.
Figure
3.2.3.3-1 Assumed Secular Growth Rate of Stature
| STATURE SECULAR
GROWTH RATE (per decade) |
| American male |
1.0 cm (0.4 in) |
| Japanese female |
2.6 cm (1.0 in) |
References: 16,
pp. III-85; 308,
Table 2; NASA-STD-3000 267
3.3
ANTHROPOMETRIC AND BIOMECHANICS RELATED DESIGN DATA
{A}
3.3.1
Body Size
{A}
3.3.1.1
Introduction
{A}
This section provides specific body distances, dimensions,
contours, and techniques for use in developing design requirements.
There is no attempt to include all potentially useful anthropometric
data in this document because much of these data are already
available in convenient published form such as Reference
16. Rather,
one description set of the size range for the projected
crewmember population is presented
The dimensions apply to nude or lightly clothed persons.
(Refer to
Paragraph 14.3, EVA Anthropometry, for dimensions for
crewmembers wearing space suits).
3.3.1.2
Body Size Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations that should be made in
applying the body size data:
a. Effects of Clothing - In a controlled IVA environment
there is little need for heavy, thick clothing. For most
practical purposes, therefore, there is no need to consider
the effect of IVA clothing on body size. When an individual
must wear an EVA pressure garment or a space suit, body
dimensions will be affected drastically. In this case, dimensional
studies must be made for the user population wearing the
garment. These data must then be substituted for unclothed
or lightly clothed dimensions.
b. Microgravity - the dimensions in
Paragraph 3.3.1.3 apply to 1-G conditions only. Notations
are made on appropriate dimensions that provide guidelines
for estimating microgravity dimensions.
(Refer to
Paragraph 3.2.3.1, Microgravity Effects Design Considerations,
for more detailed discussion of microgravity effects).
3.3.1.3
Body Size Data Design Requirements
{A}
Dimensions of the year 2000, 40 year-old White or Black
American male and the 40 year-old Asian Japanese female
are given in Figure 3.3.1.3-1.
The data in this figure shall be used as appropriate to
achieve effective integrations of the crew and space systems.
The dimensions apply to 1-G conditions only.
Dimensional data estimates for the year 2000 White or Black
American female crewmember cannot be specified at this time
due to insufficient data.
(Refer to Reference 16,
Chapter III, Appendix B, for dimensional data for the 1985
American female).
Figure
3.3.1.3-1 (1 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional Data
for American Female
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old Japanese Female for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
|
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
| 1 |
805 |
Stature |
148.9 (58.6) |
157.0 (61.8) |
165.1 (65.0) |
| 1 |
973 |
Wrist height |
70.8 (27.9) |
76.6 (30.2) |
82.4 (32.4) |
|
64 |
Ankle height |
5.2 (2.0) |
6.1 (2.4) |
7.0 (2.8) |
| 1 |
309 |
Elbow height |
92.8 (38.5) |
98.4 (38.8) |
104.1 (41.0) |
|
169 |
Bust depth |
17.4 (6.8) |
20.5 (8.1) |
23.6 (9.3) |
| 1 |
916 |
Vertical trunk circumference |
136.9 (53.9) |
146.0 (57.5) |
155.2 (61.1) |
| 2 1 |
612 |
Midshoulder height, sitting |
|
|
|
|
459 |
Hip breadth, sitting |
30.4 (12.0) |
33.7 (13.3) |
37.0 (14.6) |
| 1 |
921 |
Waist back |
35.2 (13.9) |
38.1 (15.0) |
41.0 (16.1) |
|
506 |
Interscye |
32.4 (12.8) |
35.7 (14.1) |
39.0 (15.4) |
|
639 |
Neck circumference |
34.5 (13.6) |
37.1 (14.5) |
39.7 (15.6) |
|
754 |
Shoulder length |
11.3 (4.4) |
13.1 (5.1) |
14.8 (5.8) |
| Values in cm with inches
in parentheses
Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16,
Volume II, provides additional data for these measurements
plus an explanation of the measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height- sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
2) Sitting height would be better named as buttock-vertex
in microgravity conditions, unless the crewmember
were measured with a firm pressure on shoulders pressing
him or her against a fixed, flat "sitting"
support surface. All sitting dimensions (vertex, eye,
shoulder, and elbow) increase in weightlessness by
two changes:
a) Relief of pressure on the buttock surfaces (estimated
increase of 1.3 to 2.0 cm (0.5 to 0.8 inches).
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note (1) above (3% of stature on ground).
|
Reference: 274
p. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (2 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Male
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old American Male for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
 |
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
| 1 |
805 |
Stature |
169.7 (66.8) |
179.9 (70.8) |
190 1 (74.8) |
| 1 |
973 |
Wrist height |
|
|
|
|
64 |
Ankle height |
12.0 (4.7) |
13.9 (5.5) |
15.8 (6.2) |
| 1 |
309 |
Elbow height |
|
|
|
|
236 |
Bust depth |
21.8 (8.6) |
25.0 (9.8) |
28.2 (11.1) |
| 1 |
916 |
Vertical trunk circumference |
158.7 (62.5) |
170.7 (67.2) |
182.6 (71.9) |
| 2 1 |
612 |
Midshoulder height, sitting |
60.8 (23.9) |
65.4 (25.7) |
70.0 (27.5) |
|
459 |
Hip breadth, sitting |
34.6 (13.6) |
38.4 (15.1) |
42.3 (16.6) |
| 1 |
921 |
Waist back |
43.7 (17.2) |
47.6 (18.8) |
51.6 (20.3) |
|
506 |
Interscye |
32.9 (13.0) |
39.2 (15.4) |
45.4 (17.9) |
|
639 |
Neck circumference |
35.5 (14.0) |
38.7 (15.2) |
41.9 (16.5) |
|
754 |
Shoulder length |
14.8 (5.8) |
16.9 (6.7) |
19.0 (7.5) |
|
378 |
Forearm-forearm breadth |
48.8 (19.2) |
55.1 (21.7) |
61.5 (24.2) |
| Values in cm with inches
in parentheses
Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16, Volume II, provides additional data
for these measurements plus an explanation of the
measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height- sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
2) Sitting height would be better named as buttock-vertex
in microgravity conditions, unless the crewmember
were measured with a firm pressure on shoulders pressing
him or her against a fixed, flat "sitting"
support surface. All sitting dimensions (vertex, eye,
shoulder, and elbow) increase in weightlessness by
two changes:
a) Relief of pressure on the buttock surfaces (estimated
increase of 1.3 to 2.0 cm (0.5 to 0.8 inches).
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note (1) above (3% of stature on ground).
|
Reference: 274
p. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (3 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Female
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old Japanese Female for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
|
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
| 2 1 |
758 |
Sitting height |
78.3 (30.8) |
84.8 (33.4) |
91.2 (35.9) |
| 2 1 |
330 |
Eye height, sitting |
68.1 (26.8) |
73.8 (29.1) |
79.5 (31.4) |
| 4 |
529 |
Knee height, sitting |
41.6 (16.4) |
45.6 (17.9) |
49.5 (19.5) |
|
678 |
Popliteal height |
34.7 (13.6) |
38.3 (15.1) |
41.9 (16.5) |
|
751 |
Shoulder-elbow length |
27.2 (10.7) |
29.8 (11.7) |
32.4 (12.8) |
|
194 |
Buttock-knee length |
48.9 (19.2) |
53.3 (21.0) |
57.8 (22.7) |
|
420 |
Hand length |
15.8 (6.2) |
17.2 (6.8) |
18.7 (7.3) |
|
411 |
Hand breadth |
6.9 (2.7) |
7.8 (3.1) |
8.6 (3.4) |
|
416 |
Hand circumference |
16.5 (6.5) |
17.9 (7.0) |
19.3 (7.6) |
| Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16,
Volume II, provides additional data for these measurements
plus an explanation of the measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height- sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
2) Sitting height would be better named as buttock-vertex
in microgravity conditions, unless the crewmember
were measured with a firm pressure on shoulders pressing
him or her against a fixed, flat "sitting"
support surface. All sitting dimensions (vertex, eye,
shoulder, and elbow) increase in weightlessness by
two changes:
a) Relief of pressure on the buttock surfaces (estimated
increase of 1.3 to 2.0 cm (0.5 to 0.8 inches).
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note (1) above (3% of stature on ground).
4) Knee height - sitting may increase slightly in
microgravity due to relief of the pressure on the
heel which it occurs when it measured on the ground.
The increase is probably not more than 2 to 3 mm (0.1
inch). |
Reference: 274
p. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (4 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Male
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old American Male for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
|
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
| 2 1 |
758 |
Sitting height |
88.9 (35.0) |
94.2 (37.1) |
99.5 (39.2) |
| 2 1 |
330 |
Eye height, sitting |
76.8 (30.3) |
81.9 (32.2) |
86.9 (34.2) |
| 4 |
529 |
Knee height, sitting |
52.6 (20.7) |
56.7 (22.3) |
60.9 (24.0) |
|
678 |
Popliteal height |
40.6 (16.0) |
44.4 (17.5) |
48.1 (19.0) |
|
751 |
Shoulder-elbow length |
33.7 (13.3) |
36.6 (14.4) |
39.4 (15.5) |
|
194 |
Buttock-knee length |
56.8 (22.4) |
61.3 (24.1) |
65.8 (25.9) |
|
420 |
Hand length |
17.9 (7.0) |
19.3 (7.6) |
20.6 (8.1) |
|
411 |
Hand breadth |
8.2 (3.2) |
8.9 (3.5) |
9.6 (3.8) |
|
416 |
Hand circumference |
20.3 (8.0) |
21.8 (8.6) |
23.4 (9.2) |
| Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16,
Volume II, provides additional data for these measurements
plus an explanation of the measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height- sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
2) Sitting height would be better named as buttock-vertex
in microgravity conditions, unless the crewmember
were measured with a firm pressure on shoulders pressing
him or her against a fixed, flat "sitting"
support surface. All sitting dimensions (vertex, eye,
shoulder, and elbow) increase in weightlessness by
two changes:
a) Relief of pressure on the buttock surfaces (estimated
increase of 1.3 to 2.0 cm (0.5 to 0.8 inches).
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note (1) above (3% of stature on ground).
4) Knee height - sitting may increase slightly in
microgravity due to relief of the pressure on the
heel which it occurs when it measured on the ground.
The increase is probably not more than 2 to 3 mm (0.1
inch). |
Reference: 274,
pp. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (5 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Female
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old Japanese Female for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
|
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
|
949 |
Waist height |
90.1 (35.5) |
96.7 (38.1) |
103.4 (40.7) |
|
249 |
Crotch height |
65.2 (25.7) |
70.6 (27.8) |
76.1 (30.0) |
|
215 |
Calf height |
25.5 (10.0) |
28.9 (11.4) |
32.3 (12.7) |
|
103 |
Biacromial breadth |
32.4 (12.8) |
35.7 (14.1) |
39.0 (15.4) |
| 1 |
946 |
Waist front |
|
|
|
|
735 |
Scye circumference |
32.3 (12.7) |
36.1 (14.2) |
39.8 (15.7) |
|
178 |
Buttock circumference |
79.9 (31.5) |
87.1 (34.3) |
94.3 (37.1) |
| 1 2 |
312 |
Elbow rest height |
20.7 (8.2) |
25.0 (9.9) |
29.3 (11.5) |
|
856 |
Thigh clearance |
11.2 (4.4) |
12.9 (5.1) |
14.5 (5.7) |
|
381 |
Forearm hand length |
37.3 (14.7) |
41.7 (16.4) |
44.6 (17.6) |
|
200 |
Buttock-popliteal length |
37.9 (14.9) |
41.7 (16.4) |
45.5 (17.9) |
| Values in cm with inches in parentheses
Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16,
Volume II, provides additional data for these measurements
plus an explanation of the measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height- sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
2) Sitting height would be better named as buttock-vertex
in microgravity conditions, unless the crewmember
were measured with a firm pressure on shoulders pressing
him or her against a fixed, flat "sitting"
support surface. All sitting dimensions (vertex, eye,
shoulder, and elbow) increase in weightlessness by
two changes:
a) Relief of pressure on the buttock surfaces (estimated
increase of 1.3 to 2.0 cm (0.5 to 0.8 inches).
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note (1) above (3% of stature on ground).
|
Reference: 274,
pp. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268eT
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 ( 6 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Male
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old American Male for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
|
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
|
949 |
Waist height |
100.4 (39.5)) |
108.3 (42.6) |
116.2 (45.7) |
|
249 |
Crotch height |
79.4 (31.3) |
86.4 (34.0) |
93.3 (36.7) |
|
215 |
Calf height |
32.5 (12.8) |
36.2 (14.3) |
40.0 (15.7) |
|
103 |
Biacromial breadth |
37.9 (14.9) |
41.1 (16.2) |
44.3 (17.5) |
| 1 |
946 |
Waist front |
37.2 (14.6) |
40.9 (16.1) |
44.5 (17.5) |
|
735 |
Scye circumference |
44.4 (17.5) |
49.0 (19.3) |
53.6 (21.1) |
|
178 |
Buttock circumference |
91.0 (35.8) |
100.2 (39.4) |
109.4 (43.1) |
| 1 2 |
312 |
Elbow rest height |
21.1 (8.3) |
25.4 (10.0) |
29.7 (11.7) |
|
856 |
Thigh clearance |
14.5 (5.7) |
16.8 (6.6) |
19.1 (7.5) |
|
381 |
Forearm hand length |
|
|
|
|
200 |
Buttock popliteal length |
46.9 (18.5) |
51.2 (20.2) |
55.5 (21.9) |
| Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16,
Volume II, provides additional data for these measurements
plus an explanation of the measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height- sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
2) Sitting height would be better named as buttock-vertex
in microgravity conditions, unless the crewmember
were measured with a firm pressure on shoulders pressing
him or her against a fixed, flat "sitting"
support surface. All sitting dimensions (vertex, eye,
shoulder, and elbow) increase in weightlessness by
two changes:
a) Relief of pressure on the buttock surfaces (estimated
increase of 1.3 to 2.0 cm (0.5 to 0.8 inches).
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note (1) above (3% of stature on ground).
|
Reference: 274,
pp. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268eT
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (7 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Female
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old Japanese Female for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
|
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
| 3, 1 |
23 |
Acromial (shoulder) height |
119.6 (47.1) |
127.1 (50.0) |
134.5 (53.0) |
|
894 |
Trochanteric height |
71.0 (28.0) |
76.7 (30.2) |
82.4 (32.5) |
|
873 |
Tibiale height |
35.9 (14.1) |
39.3 (15.5) |
42.7 (16.8) |
|
122 |
Bideltoid (shoulder) breadth |
35.6 (14.0) |
38.9 (15.3) |
42.1 (16.6) |
|
223 |
Chest breadth |
24.5 (9.7) |
26.8 (10.5) |
29.0 (11.4) |
|
457 |
Hip breadth |
30.5 (12.0) |
32.9 (12.9) |
35.3 (13.9) |
|
165 |
Bizgomatic (face) breadth |
13.3 (5.2) |
14.5 (5.7) |
15.7 (6.2) |
|
427 |
Head breadth |
14.4 (5.7) |
15.6 (6.1) |
16.8 (6.6) |
| Values in cm with inches in parentheses
Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16,
Volume II, provides additional data for these measurements
plus an explanation of the measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height-sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
3) Shoulder or acromial, height, sitting or standing,
increases during weightlessness due to two factors:
a) Removal of the gravitational pull on the arms
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note (1) above 3% of stature on ground).
|
Reference: 274;
pp. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268pT
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (8 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Male
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old American Male for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
 |
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
| 3 1 |
23 |
Acromial (shoulder) height |
138.0 (54.3) |
147.6 (58.1) |
157.3 (61.9) |
|
894 |
Trochanteric height |
88.3 (34.8) |
95.8 (37.8) |
102.9 (40.5) |
|
873 |
Tibiale height |
|
|
|
|
122 |
Bideltoid (shoulder) breadth |
44.6 (17.6) |
48.9 (19.3) |
53.2 (20.9) |
|
223 |
Chest breadth |
29.7 (11.7) |
33.2 (13.1) |
36.7 (14.4) |
|
457 |
Hip breadth |
32.7 (12.9) |
35.8 (14.1) |
39.0 (15.4) |
|
165 |
Bizgomatic (face) breadth |
13.4 (5.3) |
14.3 (5.6) |
15.1 (6.0) |
|
427 |
Head breadth |
14.8 (5.8) |
15.7 (6.2) |
16.5 (6.5) |
| Values in cm with inches in parentheses
Notes:
a) Gravity conditions - the dimensions apply to
a 1-G condition only. Dimension expected to change
significantly due to microgravity are marked.
b) Measurement data - the numbers adjacent to each
of the dimension are reference codes. the same codes
are in Volume II of Reference 16.
Reference 16,
Volume II, provides additional data for these measurements
plus an explanation of the measurement technique.
Notes for application of dimensions to microgravity
conditions:
1) Stature increases approximately 3% over the first
3 to 4 days in weightlessness (see
figure 3.2.3.1-2). Almost all of this change appear
in the spinal column, and thus affects (increases)
other related dimensions, such as sitting height (buttock-vertex),
shoulder height-sitting, eye height, sitting, and
all dimensions that include the spine.
3) Shoulder or acromial, height, sitting or standing,
increases during weightlessness due to two factors:
a) Removal of the gravitational pull on the arms
b) Extension of the spinal column as explained
in note ( 1) above 3% of stature on ground).
|
Reference: 274,
pp. 121-128; 308;
351; NASA-STD-3000
268hT
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (9 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional
Data for American Female
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old Japanese Female for Year 2000
in One Gravity Conditions
|
| Microgravity notes |
No. |
Dimension |
5th percentile |
50th percentile |
95th percentile |
|
747 |
Shoulder circumference |
|
|
|
|
230 |
Chest circumference |
73.2 (28.8) |
82.1 (32.3) |
90.9 (35.8) |
| 6 |
931 |
Waist circumference |
55.3 (21.8) |
63.2 (24.9) |
71.2 (28.0) |
| 5 |
852 |
Thigh circumference |
45.6 (17.9) |
51.6 (20.3) |
57.7 (22.7) |
| 5 |
515 |
Knee circumference |
31.0 (12.2) |
34.6 (13.6) |
38.2 (15.0) |
| 5 |
207 |
Calf circumference |
30.3 (11.9) |
34.1 (13.4) |
37.8 (14.9) |
|
113 |
Biceps circumference, relaxed |
21.8 (8.6) |
25.5 (10.1) |
29.3 (11.5) |
|
967 |
Wrist circumference |
13.7 (5.4) |
15.0 (5.9) |
16.2 (6.4) |
|
111 |
Biceps circumference, flexed |
|
|
|
